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Related Concept Videos

Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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Precipitation Processes

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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Variation of Atmospheric Pressure01:18

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Change in atmospheric pressure with height is particularly interesting. The decrease in atmospheric pressure with increasing altitude is due to the decreasing gravitational force per unit area as we move away from the surface of the earth.
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Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

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Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
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Measurement of Air Content in Concrete01:23

Measurement of Air Content in Concrete

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Air content measurement in concrete is critical for ensuring structural integrity and durability of concrete structures, especially in environments prone to severe weather conditions. Accurate air content analysis optimizes concrete's resistance to freeze-thaw cycles and enhances its workability and strength. Several methods are standardized under ASTM guidelines to measure the air content in fresh concrete, each suitable for different concrete types and conditions.
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Quantifying COVID-19 enforced global changes in atmospheric pollutants using cloud computing based remote sensing.

Manmeet Singh1,2, Bhupendra Bahadur Singh1,3, Raunaq Singh4

  • 1Centre for Climate Change Research, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Pune, India.

Remote Sensing Applications : Society and Environment
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Summary

COVID-19 lockdowns improved global air quality, with significant reductions in nitrogen dioxide, aerosol optical depth, and PM2.5 concentrations observed in megacities. Satellite data revealed these widespread air pollution improvements.

Keywords:
AODCOVID19Cloud computingGoogle earth engineNO2PM2.5Tropospheric ozone

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental science
  • Atmospheric chemistry
  • Remote sensing

Background:

  • COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns altered anthropogenic activities globally.
  • Previous air quality studies were limited by station-based data, especially in developing regions.
  • Satellite data offers a more comprehensive approach to analyzing global air quality changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze and quantify global air quality changes during COVID-19 lockdowns.
  • To assess air pollution reduction in megacities, capitals, and high-standard-of-living cities.
  • To provide insights into the spatial distribution of air pollutant changes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized high spatiotemporal resolution satellite data and merged air pollutant products.
  • Employed Google Earth Engine for cloud computing-based remote sensing analysis.
  • Focused quantitative assessment on megacities, capitals, and affluent urban areas.

Main Results:

  • Observed statistically significant reductions in key air pollutants.
  • Mean reductions of 19.74% in nitrogen dioxide (NO2), 7.38% in aerosol optical depth (AOD), and 49.9% in PM2.5 concentrations over megacities.
  • Demonstrated the effectiveness of satellite remote sensing for global air quality monitoring.

Conclusions:

  • COVID-19 lockdowns led to measurable global air quality improvements, particularly in urban centers.
  • Satellite-based analysis provides valuable data for climate model validation and sensitivity studies.
  • Developed Google Earth Engine apps enable real-time visualization of air quality changes.