Technological avenues and market mechanisms to accelerate methane and nitrous oxide emissions reductions

Strategies targeting methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions are critical to meeting global climate targets. Existing literature estimates the emissions of these gases from specific sectors, but this knowledge must be synthesized to prioritize and incentivize CH₄ and N₂O mitigation. Accordingly, we review emissions sources and mitigation strategies in all key sectors (fuel extraction and combustion, landfilling, agriculture, wastewater treatment, and chemical industry) and the role of carbon markets in reducing emissions. The most accessible reduction opportunities are in the hydrocarbon extraction and waste sectors, where half (>3 Gt-CO₂e/year) of the emissions in these sectors could be mitigated at no net cost. In total, 60% of CH₄ emissions can be mitigated at less than $50/t-CO₂. Expanding the scope of carbon markets to include these emissions could provide cost-effective decarbonization through 2050. We provide recommendations for carbon markets to improve emissions reductions and set prices to appropriately incentivize mitigation.