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Related Concept Videos

What is Climate?01:16

What is Climate?

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Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, “Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.” Climate is influenced by geographic factors, such as latitude, terrain, and proximity to bodies of water.
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Global Climate Change01:50

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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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Precipitation Processes01:12

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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

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Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 16, 2025

Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface
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Current and Future Climate Extremes Over Latin America and Caribbean: Assessing Earth System Models from High

Alvaro Avila-Diaz1,2, Roger Rodrigues Torres1, Cristian Felipe Zuluaga3

  • 1Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales - UDCA, Bogotá, Colombia.

Earth Systems and Environment
|December 26, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Increasing Earth System Model resolution did not clearly improve climate extreme predictions in Latin America. The ECMWF-IFS model and HighResMIP intermediate resolution models showed promise for estimating climate extremes.

Keywords:
CHIRPSCMIP6ERA5GMFDIPCC

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Area of Science:

  • Climate Science
  • Environmental Science
  • Meteorology

Background:

  • Extreme temperature and precipitation events are primary drivers of natural hazards like heat waves, droughts, floods, and landslides.
  • Earth System Models (ESMs) with finer grids are crucial for improving the estimation of extreme climate events.
  • Regional climate variability and extreme event prediction are critical for hazard assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the performance of High Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP) models in estimating climate extremes in Latin America and the Caribbean.
  • To assess the impact of increasing horizontal model resolution on the accuracy of extreme climate variability estimates.
  • To project future changes in temperature and precipitation extremes under a high socioeconomic pathway (SSP5-8.5).

Main Methods:

  • Performance evaluation of HighResMIP models using Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) for the 1981-2014 period.
  • Comparison of model outputs with reference gridded datasets (reanalysis, satellite, merging products).
  • Analysis of models grouped by grid resolution: low (0.8°–1.87°), intermediate (0.5°–0.7°), and high (0.23°–0.35°).

Main Results:

  • No clear evidence supports the hypothesis that increasing horizontal resolution improves model performance for climate extremes.
  • The ECMWF-IFS family of models demonstrated plausible performance in representing climate extremes.
  • HighResMIP models at intermediate resolution, and their ensemble mean, also showed potential.
  • Future climate projections (2021-2050) under SSP5-8.5 indicate an increase in temperature and precipitation extremes across most studied regions.

Conclusions:

  • Increasing model resolution does not consistently enhance the accuracy of extreme climate event prediction.
  • ECMWF-IFS models and intermediate-resolution HighResMIP models are suitable for representing climate extremes.
  • Climate models remain vital tools for risk assessment, despite inherent uncertainties, especially for future extreme event projections.