Green Synthesis for Battery Materials: A Case Study of Making Lithium Sulfide via Metathetic Precipitation

For some future clean-energy technologies (such as advanced batteries), the concept of green chemistry has not been exercised enough for their material synthesis. Herein, we report a waste-free method of synthesizing lithium sulfide (Li₂S), a critical material for both lithium-sulfur batteries and sulfide-electrolyte-based all-solid-state lithium batteries. The key novelty lies in directly precipitating crystalline Li₂S out of an organic solution after the metathetic reaction between a lithium salt and sodium sulfide. Compared with conventional methods, this method is advantageous in operating at ambient temperatures, releasing no hazardous wastes, and being economically more competitive. To collect the valuable byproduct out of the liquid phases, a "solventing-out crystallization" technique is employed by adding an antisolvent (AS) of low boiling point. The subsequent distillation of the new solution under vacuum evaporates off the AS rather than the high-boiling-point reaction solvent (RS), saving a lot of energy. Consequently, the separated AS and RS containing the unreacted lithium salt can be directly reused. For industrial production, the entire process may be operated continuously in a closed loop without discharging any wastes. Moreover, Li₂S cathodes and sulfide-electrolyte Li₆PS₅Cl derived from the synthesized Li₂S show impressive battery performance, displaying the great potential of this method for practical applications.