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Updated: Aug 16, 2025
Development and Evaluation of 3D-Printed Cardiovascular Phantoms for Interventional Planning and Training
Published on: January 18, 2021
In Vitro Analysis of the Efficacy of Endovascular Thrombectomy Techniques according to the Vascular Tortuosity Using
1From the Department of Radiology (J.H.K.), Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
Background And Purpose:
Achieving complete recanalization with the front-line endovascular thrombectomy device improves the outcome of acute stroke. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether various thrombectomy techniques including contact aspiration, stent retriever thrombectomy, and combination therapy differ in first-pass effect and distal emboli in acute large-vessel occlusion simulated using 3D printed nontortuous and tortuous cerebrovascular anatomy models.
Materials And Methods:
3D printed flow models were manufactured using angiographic data of nontortuous and acutely angulated tortuous vascular anatomy from real patients. Three thrombectomy techniques, contact aspiration, stent retriever, and combined methods, were tested under proximal protection with the balloon-guiding catheter. The first-pass effect and distal emboli rates were analyzed in addition to the thrombectomy-failure mechanisms of the respective techniques.
Results:
A total of 30 thrombectomy experiments were performed. The overall incidence of first-pass effect in the nontortuous and tortuous anatomy was 80.0% versus 46.7%. The overall incidence of distal emboli in the nontortuous and tortuous anatomy was 26.7% versus 46.7%. The contact aspiration technique showed better first-pass effect (80.0%) and distal emboli rates (20%) in the tortuous model compared with other techniques. The combined technique did not show remarkable superiority of the first-pass effect and distal emboli in either the nontortuous or tortuous anatomy. Shearing off of the thrombus was the main mechanism of thrombectomy failure in the combined group.
Conclusions:
The tortuous vascular anatomy may worsen the first-pass effect and distal emboli rates. The combined techniques failed to show improvement in outcome due to the shearing-off phenomenon of the thrombus during retrieval.
