A protocol to detect human CD4+ T cell extracellular traps using scanning electron microscopy
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Updated: Oct 2, 2026

Visualizing Macrophage Extracellular Traps Using Confocal Microscopy
Published on: October 19, 2017
Nam Phuong N Nguyen1, Nicole Chizara Oparaugo2, Kelsey Ouyang3
1Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
Abstract:
We present a protocol to detect extracellular traps (ETs) induced by Cutibacterium acnes in cultured TH17 clones. We first describe the isolation of C. acnes-specific TH17 clones by sterile cell sorting. We then detail the in vitro induction of ETs in TH17 clones stimulated by C. acnes and the imaging of released ETs using scanning electron microscopy. This protocol can be applied to the study of other ETs released by other T cell subsets. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Agak et al. (2021).1.
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