Heart sound-derived systolic time intervals for atrioventricular delay optimization in cardiac resynchronization
Hongxing Luo1, Philip Westphal2, Mehrdad Shahmohammadi3
1Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Background:
Phonocardiography (PCG) can be used to determine systolic time intervals (STIs) from ventricular pacing spike to the first heart sound (VS1) and from the first to the second heart sound (S1S2).
Objective:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relations between STIs and hemodynamics during atrioventricular (AV) delay optimization of biventricular pacing (BiVP) in animals and patients.
Methods:
Five pigs with AV block underwent BiVP, while PCG was collected from an epicardial accelerometer. In 21 patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy device implantation, PCG was recorded with a pulse generator-embedded microphone. Optimal AV delays derived from shortest VS1 and longest S1S2 were compared with AV delays derived from highest left ventricular pressure (LVP), maximal rate of rise in LVP, and stroke work.
Results:
In pigs, VS1 and S1S2 predicted the AV delays with optimal hemodynamics (highest LVP, maximal rate of rise in LVP, and stroke work) by a median error of 2-28 ms, resulting in a median loss of <2% of pump function. In patients, VS1 and S1S2 predicted the optimal AV delay by errors of 32.5 and 37.5 ms, respectively, resulting in 0.2%-0.9% lower LVP and stroke work, which were reduced to 21 and 24 ms in 8 patients with a full-capture AV delay of >180 ms.
Conclusion:
During BiVP with varying AV delays, close relations exist between PCG-derived STIs and hemodynamic parameters. AV delays advised by PCG-derived STIs cause only a minimal loss of pump function compared with those based on invasive hemodynamic measurements.
Trial Registration:
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01832493.
Related Concept Videos
01:18Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias
01:25Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...
01:29Cardiac Cycle
During the cardiac cycle, blood flow through the heart is regulated entirely by changing pressure gradients. This sequence of events begins with the heart in a state of total relaxation, known as mid-to-late diastole, during which blood passively flows from...
01:22Heart Failure VI: Adjunct Therapies
01:20Conduction System of the Heart
This system relies on the unique properties of nodal and Purkinje cells:...