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In a radical reaction, the concentration of starting materials governs the selectivity of a radical. For example, the reaction between an alkyl halide and an alkene, in the presence of tin hydride and AIBN, begins with the generation of a tin radical. The generated radical then abstracts halogen from the alkyl halide, producing an alkyl radical. This alkyl radical can either react with tin hydride, yielding an alkane, or add to an alkene, generating a nitrile-stabilized radical, eventually...
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A system at equilibrium is in a state of dynamic balance, with forward and reverse reactions taking place at equal rates. If an equilibrium system is subjected to a change in conditions that affects these reaction rates differently (a stress), then the rates are no longer equal and the system is not at equilibrium. The system will subsequently experience a net reaction in the direction of a greater rate (a shift) that will re-establish the equilibrium. This phenomenon is summarized by Le...
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The rate of a reaction is affected by the concentrations of reactants. Rate laws (differential rate laws) or rate equations are mathematical expressions describing the relationship between the rate of a chemical reaction and the concentration of its reactants.
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Catalyzing social change: Does concentration encourage action?

Jonah Berger1, Joshua Conrad Jackson2, Ceren Kolsarici3

  • 1Marketing Department, The Wharton School, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America.

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|December 28, 2022
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Social problem action increases when related events, like mass shootings, are concentrated in time. This temporal clustering drives policy proposals and public support for social change.

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Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Public Policy
  • Sociology

Background:

  • Social problems vary in their ability to inspire action and policy change.
  • The timing of related events is hypothesized to influence collective action and social movement momentum.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether the temporal concentration of related events influences the likelihood of social problem action.
  • To explore the role of event clustering in driving policy and social movements.

Main Methods:

  • A multi-method approach was employed, including quantitative analysis of historical data.
  • Study 1 analyzed over 40 years of gun control legislation, controlling for mass shooting frequency.
  • Study 2 experimentally tested the causal impact of event concentration on support for addressing sexual assault.

Main Results:

  • Legislation proposals and passage for gun control were significantly more likely when mass shootings were temporally concentrated.
  • Temporal concentration of events causally increased public support for addressing sexual assault.

Conclusions:

  • The relative timing and concentration of related events are critical drivers of social problem attention and collective action.
  • Findings offer insights into the dynamics of social movements and policy change, extending modeling approaches from economics and marketing.