Recurrence quantification analysis of periodic dynamics in the default mode network in first-episode drug-naïve...

Abnormal functional connectivity (FC) within the default model network (DMN) in schizophrenia has been frequently reported in previous studies. However, traditional FC analysis was mostly linear correlations based, with the information on nonlinear or temporally lagged brain signals largely overlooked. Fifty-five first-episode drug-naïve schizophrenia (FES) patients and 53 healthy controls (HCs) underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning. The DMN was extracted using independent component analysis. Recurrence quantification analysis was used to measure the duration, predictability, and complexity of the periodic processes of the nonlinear DMN time series. The Mann‒Whitney U test was conducted to compare these features between FES patients and HCs. The support vector machine was applied to discriminate FES from HCs based on these features. Determinism, which means predictability of periodic process activity, between the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vMPFC) and posterior cingulate and between the vMPFC and precuneus, was significantly decreased in FES compared with HCs. Determinism between the vMPFC and precuneus was positively correlated with category fluency scores in FES. The classifier achieved 77% accuracy. Our results suggest that synchronized periodicity among DMN brain regions is dysregulated in FES, and the periodicity in BOLD signals may be a promising indicator of brain functional connectivity.