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Cardiovascular Disease in Women: What the Radiologist Needs to Know
Oliver Josef Sommer1, Klaus Hergan2
1Institute of Radiology, Kardinal Schwarzenberg Hospital, Schwarzach im Pongau, Austria.
Insights
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) presents differently in women due to sex-specific physiological and pathological factors. Advanced imaging like CT and MRI can improve diagnosis and management tailored to these differences.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology and Radiology
- Sex-specific differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD)
Background:
- CVD exhibits significant sex-specific disparities in physiology, pathophysiology, presentation, risk, and outcomes.
- Understanding these differences is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment.
Approach:
- This review focuses on cardiovascular and cardiac pathology, examining sex-specific patterns in disease.
- It summarizes current literature on CVD in women from a radiological perspective.
- Utilizes CT and MRI findings to illustrate sex-specific cardiovascular and cardiac pathologies.
Key Points:
- Cardiovascular diseases manifest with distinct sex-specific characteristics.
- Imaging strategies and interpretation require adjustment for female patients.
- Radiological imaging aids in refining sex-specific CVD management.
Conclusions:
- Sex-specific differences in CVD are complex, involving genetics, epigenetics, and physiology.
- Tailored imaging approaches enhance the diagnosis of conditions like non-obstructive CAD and Takotsubo syndrome.
- Personalized management strategies based on sex-specific imaging improve patient outcomes.
Background:
Sex-specific disparities are well documented for cardiovascular disease (CVD). There are differences in physiology and pathophysiology, pain perception, spectrum of disease, risk, therapeutic aspects, prognosis, and outcome. CVD represents a broad spectrum of disorders. This review focuses on cardiovascular and cardiac pathology.
Method:
This review summarizes the current state of the literature on cardiovascular disease in women from a radiological viewpoint. It aims to provide a deeper understanding of these differences and thereby alerts the reader to the potential of CT and MRI for diagnosing CVD in women. Special attention is paid to disparities in the underlying physiological and pathophysiological processes, clinical presentation, and the quality of care to provide a deep understanding of the topic. Cardiovascular and cardiac pathologies with a sex-specific pattern of disease are presented and typical CT and MRI findings are arranged and illustrated with imaging findings.
Results And Conclusion:
Sex-specific differences are not only sex hormonal in nature but are rooted in the epigenome and encompass a multitude of physiological systems. In fact, cardiovascular disease shows sex-specific characteristics spanning from incidence to clinical presentation, course of disease, and prognosis. This is of significance regarding pretest probabilities, the power of tests, imaging strategies, and interpretation of imaging results. Key sex-specific issues encompass obstructive and non-obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), microvascular angina, myocardial infarction with non-obstructive CAD, and coronary artery dissection. Sex-specific patterns are also noted in myocardial disease and heart failure such as pregnancy-related heart disease, Takotsubo syndrome, and anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity.
Key Points:
· Cardiovascular diseases have sex-specific characteristics.. · Imaging strategies and interpretation of imaging results should be adjusted for women.. · Imaging helps in the improvement of the sex-specific management of cardiovascular disease..
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