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DNA Bacteriophages

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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...
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The lysogenic cycle is a crucial viral replication strategy that allows bacteriophages to persist within host cells without immediately destroying them. This process is primarily observed in temperate phages, such as bacteriophage lambda (λ), which infects Escherichia coli. The cycle allows the viral genome to persist across bacterial generations while keeping host cells viable.Integration of the Viral GenomeUpon infection, bacteriophage lambda attaches to the bacterial surface and injects...
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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
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Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
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Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle01:20

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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. Among them, T-even bacteriophages, such as T4, exhibit a well-characterized lytic replication cycle in Escherichia coli (E. coli). This process ensures the rapid proliferation of the virus while ultimately leading to the destruction of the bacterial host.Attachment and DNA InjectionThe infection process begins with the recognition and binding of the T4 phage to the E. coli cell surface. Tail fibers of the phage...
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Multistep diversification in spatiotemporal bacterial-phage coevolution.

Einat Shaer Tamar1, Roy Kishony2,3,4

  • 1Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.

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Spatial structure drives phage-bacteria coevolution, revealing new adaptive cycles and genetic diversity. This research uncovers novel resistance mechanisms and interactions in a dynamic lab system.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The phage-bacteria evolutionary arms race fuels molecular innovation and genetic diversity.
  • Laboratory coevolution experiments often stagnate due to well-mixed environments, limiting genetic variability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate phage-bacteria coevolution dynamics in a spatially structured environment.
  • To identify novel adaptive mutations and resistance mechanisms in phage-bacteria interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Co-culturing motile Escherichia coli with lytic bacteriophage T7 on swimming plates.
  • Quantifying over 10,000 resistance-infectivity phenotypes.
  • Whole-genome sequencing of evolved phage and bacterial isolates.
  • Synthetic reconstruction of identified adaptive mutations.

Main Results:

  • Observed complex spatiotemporal dynamics with multiple genetically diversifying adaptive cycles.
  • Discovered diversification into multiple coexisting ecotypes with complex interaction networks.
  • Identified novel adaptive mutations in genes not previously linked to phage-bacteria interactions.
  • Revealed phage-general and phage-specific resistance phenotypes with synergistic effects.

Conclusions:

  • Spatial structure and migration are crucial for driving complex phage-bacteria coevolution.
  • This system provides a platform for uncovering new molecular mechanisms in phage-bacterial interactions.
  • The study expands our understanding of adaptive evolution and genetic diversification in microbial systems.