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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 15, 2025

Live Images of GLUT4 Protein Trafficking in Mouse Primary Hypothalamic Neurons Using Deconvolution Microscopy
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Type 2 Diabetes and the Microbiome.

Gillian M Barlow1, Ruchi Mathur1,2

  • 1Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Journal of the Endocrine Society
|December 29, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The gut microbiome significantly impacts type 2 diabetes (T2D) development and progression. Research explores how gut microbes influence glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, and potential therapeutic targets for T2D.

Keywords:
gut microbiomegut permeabilityinflammationinsulin resistancesmall intestinetype 2 diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Metabolic disease research
  • Human health

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a growing global health crisis affecting over 537 million adults.
  • T2D is a complex condition influenced by genetics, lifestyle, and increasingly, the gut microbiome.
  • Gut microbes play crucial roles in host metabolism, immunity, and nutrient processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evidence linking gut microbial changes to T2D.
  • To elucidate mechanisms by which gut microbes affect glucose metabolism and insulin resistance.
  • To explore interventions and the role of the small bowel microbiome in T2D.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current scientific literature on T2D and the gut microbiome.
  • Analysis of mechanisms including inflammation, gut permeability, and bile acid production.
  • Exploration of interrelationships between gut microbes, T2D medications, and interventions like probiotics and bariatric surgery.

Main Results:

  • Alterations in gut microbial populations are observed in individuals with T2D.
  • Gut microbes influence T2D through inflammation, gut barrier function, and bile acid metabolism.
  • Interventions such as prebiotics, probiotics, and bariatric surgery impact the gut microbiome and T2D.

Conclusions:

  • The gut microbiome is a critical factor in T2D pathogenesis.
  • Understanding small bowel microbes may reveal new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for T2D.
  • Targeting the gut microbiome offers potential for novel T2D management strategies.