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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 15, 2025

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
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Hepatic incidentaloma: An asymptomatic ectopic thyroid tissue.

Claudia Di Stefano1, Valentina Guarnotta1, Maria Barbaccia2

  • 1Section of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Health Promotion, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", PROMISE, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.

Frontiers in Endocrinology
|December 29, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This case study highlights a rare instance of ectopic thyroid tissue presenting as a large liver mass in a patient with a history of toxic goiter. The lesion was managed conservatively due to its location and asymptomatic nature.

Keywords:
131I scintigraphyhepatic lesionhepatic thyroidhyperthyroidismoccult thyroid

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Pathology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Ectopic thyroid is a congenital condition where thyroid tissue is found outside its normal location, most commonly at the base of the tongue.
  • While often asymptomatic, ectopic thyroid can cause symptoms due to mass effect, hormonal dysfunction, or rarely, malignancy.

Observation:

  • A patient with a prior thyroidectomy for toxic goiter presented with abdominal discomfort.
  • Ultrasound revealed a large liver mass compressing the bile ducts and gallbladder, with no clear separation from the hepatic parenchyma.

Findings:

  • Advanced imaging (CT, MR, PET, 131I scintigraphy) confirmed a significant liver lesion (8 x 5.5 x 6 cm).
  • The lesion's characteristics and location precluded surgical debulking or radioiodine therapy.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the importance of considering ectopic thyroid in the differential diagnosis of liver masses, even in patients with a history of thyroid disease.
  • Conservative management with clinical and instrumental follow-up was chosen for this asymptomatic, unresectable liver lesion.