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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Auditory Pathway01:15

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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
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Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
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Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
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Auditory Perception01:17

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The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 15, 2025

Preparation of Parasagittal Slices for the Investigation of Dorsal-ventral Organization of the Rodent Medial Entorhinal Cortex
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Olfactory-auditory sensory integration in the lateral entorhinal cortex.

Tingting Wu1, Shan Li2, Deliang Du3

  • 1Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China; Artificial Auditory Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China; Clinical Hearing Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221006, China; Department of Otolaryngology, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai Key Clinical Disciplines of Otorhinolaryngology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.

Progress in Neurobiology
|December 29, 2022
PubMed
Summary

The lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) integrates smell and sound information in mice. Auditory stimuli modulate olfactory responses in the LEC, enhancing odor perception.

Keywords:
In vivo electrophysiologyLateral entorhinal cortexOlfactory–auditory integrationRetrograde tracing

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Sensory processing
  • Animal cognition

Background:

  • Multisensory integration is vital for animal cognition.
  • Research often focuses on visual-auditory links, neglecting olfactory-auditory interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate neural activity and odor decoding in the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC).
  • Examine responses to uni-sensory (olfactory, auditory) and multisensory stimuli in awake mice.

Main Methods:

  • Used retrograde tracing to identify projections to the LEC.
  • Recorded neural activity and local field potentials (LFPs) in the olfactory bulb (OB) and LEC.
  • Analyzed odor decoding performance under different sensory conditions.

Main Results:

  • Confirmed direct projections from auditory cortex (AC) and medial geniculate body (MGB) to the LEC.
  • Mitral/tufted cells (M/Ts) in OB and LEC neurons responded to both olfactory and auditory stimuli.
  • Sound decreased olfactory-evoked neural responses in OB and LEC, but only LEC showed altered odor decoding and LFP modulation.

Conclusions:

  • The LEC is a key hub for olfactory-auditory multisensory integration.
  • LEC receives direct input from both olfactory and auditory pathways.
  • Auditory input significantly modulates olfactory processing within the LEC.