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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview01:13

Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview

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Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the composition of materials. It is widely employed in chemistry, materials science, forensic science, and other fields where sample characterization is required. ATR has several advantages over traditional transmission IR spectroscopy, including the requirement of little to no sample preparation and the ability to analyze a wide range of samples.
The ATR process begins by directing a beam...
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Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

Precipitation Gravimetry

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Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
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Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods01:25

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods

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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes samples through flame atomization or electrothermal atomization. Flame atomization typically involves a nebulizer and spray chamber assembly to combine the sample with a fuel–oxidant mixture, creating a fine aerosol mist that enters a burner. Typically, the fuel and oxidant are combined in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. However, for atoms that are easily oxidized, a fuel-rich mixture may be more advantageous. Only about 5% of the...
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Measurement of Aerosols Optical Thickness of the Atmosphere using the GLOBE Handheld Sun Photometer
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Near-Cloud Aerosol Retrieval Using Machine Learning Techniques, and Implied Direct Radiative Effects.

C Kevin Yang1, J Christine Chiu1, Alexander Marshak2

  • 1Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA.

Geophysical Research Letters
|December 30, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new method for satellite aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieval near clouds. Aerosol growth near clouds significantly impacts radiative forcing, highlighting the need for accurate near-cloud AOD measurements.

Keywords:
aerosol direct radiative effectaerosol remote sensingmachine learningtransition zone

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Science
  • Remote Sensing
  • Cloud-Aerosol Interactions

Background:

  • Satellite aerosol retrievals are limited near clouds due to complex radiative effects.
  • Accurate aerosol data near clouds is crucial for understanding climate impacts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel method for high-resolution aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieval in near-cloud regions.
  • To quantify the impact of aerosol hygroscopic growth on AOD and radiative forcing.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to account for 3D cloud radiative effects.
  • Retrieved AOD at 100-500m resolution for cloud-free areas.
  • Analyzed aerosol hygroscopic growth effects using satellite observations.

Main Results:

  • Achieved retrieval uncertainty of 0.01 + 5%AOD with a mean bias of -2%.
  • Observed a 100% enhancement in AOD within 1km of cloud edges due to humidification.
  • Demonstrated a 55% increase in clear-sky aerosol direct radiative effect.

Conclusions:

  • The developed CNN method enables accurate AOD retrieval in challenging near-cloud environments.
  • Aerosol humidification near clouds substantially influences radiative forcing estimates.
  • Incorporating near-cloud aerosol properties and humidification is essential for climate modeling.