Expanding the cryogenic electron microscopy toolbox to reveal diverse classes of battery solid electrolyte interphase

Advancements in energy storage technologies such as Li-based batteries depend on a deep understanding of the chemical and structural aspects of critical interfaces. Among these, the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) governs how batteries operate yet remains one of the most elusive to characterize due to its rapid degradation under an electron beam and sensitivity to ambient conditions. In recent years, cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has emerged as a promising technique to provide atomic-resolution imaging of beam-sensitive battery materials. Distinct SEIs have been discovered with unique chemical compositions and structural features. In this perspective, the role of cryo-EM in uncovering the physicochemical properties of three classes of SEIs (i.e., compact, extended, and indirect SEI) will be defined and discussed. Furthermore, an in-depth analysis of new cryo-EM imaging modalities will be provided to highlight directions for the future development of cryo-EM.