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Related Concept Videos

Coagulation01:06

Coagulation

351
Colloidal solids are solid particles suspended in solution. They are usually negatively charged, attracting a compact primary layer of positively charged ions, which attract more counterions to form an electrical double layer. Electrostatic repulsion between the charged double layers prevents the particles from colliding, stabilizing the colloids. These solids are often undesirable because they can contain toxins that are difficult to remove. Coagulation is a technique that helps aggregate and...
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Testing Water Quality01:14

Testing Water Quality

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When the quality of water for concrete preparation is uncertain, its impact on the setting time of cement and compressive strength of mortar is assessed by comparison with de-ionized or distilled water benchmarks. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C1602 requires the setting times to be within 90 minutes of the control, British Standard (BS) 3146:1980 allows a 30-minute variance in the initial setting, while British Standards European Norm (BS EN) 1008 specifies initial setting...
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Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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EDTA: Indirect and Alkalimetric Titration01:23

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Unlike direct titration, back-titration, and displacement titration, indirect titration is an EDTA titration method for quantifying anions. In the indirect titration method, anions are precipitated as their insoluble salts with excess metal ions. The filtrate containing the excess metal ions is directly titrated with standard EDTA until the endpoint is achieved. Another approach involves extracting the metal ion and back-titrating with standard EDTA to obtain the endpoint. In this way, the...
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Quality of Water01:19

Quality of Water

153
In concrete preparation, the quality of water is paramount as it affects the strength and durability of the concrete. Potable water is usually preferred; however, it must not have excessive sodium or potassium to prevent compromising the concrete's integrity. Water quality is typically evaluated based on impurities such as dissolved solids, chlorides, and sulfates, and its pH value is ideally between 6 and 8. Even slightly acidic natural water may be acceptable unless it contains harmful...
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Qualitative Analysis03:46

Qualitative Analysis

22.5K
For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
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Evaluating Al-based coagulants for drinking water facilities using Jar test and CCD/RSM analysis.

Nicole Holloway1,2, Sarah Wu3, Jun Zhu4

  • 1Environmental Science Program, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA.

Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A, Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering
|December 30, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This study identified Hyperlon 4064 as the most effective polyaluminum chloride (PACl) coagulant for turbidity removal. Optimization using response surface methodology (RSM) refined dosage and pH for superior drinking water treatment.

Keywords:
Al-based coagulantcentral composite designjar testprediction modelswater turbidity

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Area of Science:

  • Water Treatment Technologies
  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Aluminum-based coagulants are widely used for drinking water treatment.
  • Optimizing coagulant dosage and pH is crucial for efficient turbidity removal.
  • Research into improved coagulants can reduce treatment chemical requirements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate and compare eight polyaluminum chloride (PACl) coagulants for turbidity removal.
  • To optimize the dosage and pH for the best-performing PACl using response surface methodology (RSM).
  • To provide data for enhancing turbidity removal in water treatment facilities.

Main Methods:

  • Jar tests were conducted to compare the efficacy of eight PACls against alum.
  • Central Composite Design (CCD) coupled with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed for optimization.
  • Turbidity was measured using settled and filtered water analysis.

Main Results:

  • All tested PACls outperformed alum in turbidity reduction.
  • Hyperlon 4064 demonstrated superior performance among the evaluated PACls.
  • Optimized conditions (dosage and pH) for Hyperlon 4064 yielded low final turbidity levels (21.7 mg/L settled, 27.95 mg/L filtered).
  • RSM models showed high predictive accuracy (R² = 0.9881 and 0.9809).

Conclusions:

  • Hyperlon 4064 is a highly effective Al-based coagulant for drinking water treatment.
  • Optimized use of Hyperlon 4064 can significantly improve turbidity removal efficiency.
  • The study provides valuable insights for water treatment plants utilizing Al-based coagulants.