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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Theoretical Biology
  • Mathematical Biology

Background:

  • Antipredator behavior is crucial for survival, involving collective defense strategies against predators.
  • Tritrophic systems often exhibit complex predator-prey dynamics, frequently modeled using game theory, such as the rock-paper-scissors model.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of localized antipredator behavior on a rock-paper-scissors predator-prey model.
  • To explore how a species' collective defense strategy, influenced by the fraction of individuals capable of defense, affects population dynamics and spatial distribution.

Main Methods:

  • Spatial stochastic simulations were employed to model a nonhierarchical tritrophic system.
  • The model incorporated a localized antipredator strategy where prey resistance depends on the local group size.
  • A conditioning factor representing the fraction of the species capable of antipredator defense was analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Localized antipredator responses led to the emergence of spatially segregated domains dominated by single species.
  • Contrary to nonlocal models, reducing predation probability via local defense did not cause the 'weak' species to predominate.
  • The prevalence shifted towards the prey of the species employing the antipredator strategy, indicating a local unbalancing effect.

Conclusions:

  • Localized antipredator behavior in cyclic predator-prey systems creates spatial heterogeneity, altering traditional rock-paper-scissors dynamics.
  • This localized defense mechanism can jeopardize biodiversity by threatening species coexistence, especially at higher mobility rates.