Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Structure of a Gene01:30

Structure of a Gene

12.7K
A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Every individual has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. Although most people contain the same genes, there is a small fraction that is slightly different amongst people. A gene with a small difference in its sequence of DNA bases forms different alleles, contributing to different phenotypes.
However, only 1% of the DNA is composed of genes that encode proteins; the rest, 99% is non-coding DNA. This non-coding DNA performs...
12.7K
Constitutive and Regulated Gene Expression01:27

Constitutive and Regulated Gene Expression

83
Gene expression in prokaryotes is governed by constitutive and regulated systems, allowing cells to balance the production of essential proteins with adaptive responses to environmental changes.Constitutive Gene ExpressionConstitutive, or housekeeping, genes are continuously expressed as they encode proteins vital for fundamental cellular processes. These include enzymes for glycolysis, ribosomal components for protein synthesis, and proteins involved in DNA replication. Their constant...
83
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

23.0K
Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
23.0K
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

971
The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
971
Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

23.5K
Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
Topologically Associated Domains (TADs)
The 3-dimensional positioning of chromatin in the nucleus influences the...
23.5K
What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

8.9K
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
8.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Invariant nonequilibrium dynamics in gene regulation optimize information flow.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Long-term evolution of regulatory DNA sequences. Part 1: simulations on global, biophysically-realistic genotype-phenotype maps.

Current opinion in genetics & development·2026
Same author

Long-term evolution of regulatory DNA sequences. Part 2: theory and future challenges.

Current opinion in genetics & development·2026
Same author

FISH-Dist: An Automated Pipeline for 3D Genomic Spatial Distance Quantification in FISH Imaging.

Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Loop Extrusion Accelerates Long-Range Enhancer-Promoter Searches in Living Embryos.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Fine-tuning mechanical constraints reveals uncoupled patterning and gene expression programs in murine gastruloids.

Development (Cambridge, England)·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 15, 2025

Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation
12:54

Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation

Published on: March 7, 2018

13.7K

Eukaryotic gene regulation at equilibrium, or non?

Benjamin Zoller1,2,3, Thomas Gregor1,2,3, Gašper Tkačik4

  • 1Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.

Current Opinion in Systems Biology
|January 2, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Eukaryotic gene regulation is complex and often non-equilibrium. This review proposes using prescriptive theory to efficiently identify biologically relevant non-equilibrium gene regulatory mechanisms, improving predictive models.

Keywords:
Gene regulationModelingNon-equilibrium regulationOptimization

More Related Videos

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
10:28

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers

Published on: September 20, 2018

6.5K
Inherent Dynamics Visualizer, an Interactive Application for Evaluating and Visualizing Outputs from a Gene Regulatory Network Inference Pipeline
10:44

Inherent Dynamics Visualizer, an Interactive Application for Evaluating and Visualizing Outputs from a Gene Regulatory Network Inference Pipeline

Published on: December 7, 2021

2.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 15, 2025

Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation
12:54

Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation

Published on: March 7, 2018

13.7K
Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
10:28

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers

Published on: September 20, 2018

6.5K
Inherent Dynamics Visualizer, an Interactive Application for Evaluating and Visualizing Outputs from a Gene Regulatory Network Inference Pipeline
10:44

Inherent Dynamics Visualizer, an Interactive Application for Evaluating and Visualizing Outputs from a Gene Regulatory Network Inference Pipeline

Published on: December 7, 2021

2.2K

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Systems Biology
  • Theoretical Biology

Background:

  • Equilibrium binding models struggle to predict eukaryotic gene expression accurately.
  • Eukaryotic transcriptional regulation likely involves non-equilibrium processes.
  • The vastness of non-equilibrium mechanisms hinders identification of relevant models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Advocate for prescriptive theory to guide the study of non-equilibrium gene regulation.
  • Focus on biologically relevant non-equilibrium mechanisms.
  • Explore evolutionary selection of precise, reliable, or fast non-equilibrium regulatory schemes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing models and theories in transcriptional regulation.
  • Conceptual framework for applying prescriptive theory.
  • Illustrative toy examples with simulation code provided.

Main Results:

  • Prescriptive theory can efficiently navigate the space of non-equilibrium mechanisms.
  • Identifies non-equilibrium schemes selected for performance advantages (precision, speed, reliability).
  • Highlights potential evolutionary trade-offs between energy consumption and regulatory efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • Theory should prescribe, not just describe, to focus research on key non-equilibrium regulatory mechanisms.
  • Non-equilibrium models offer advantages over equilibrium models for eukaryotic gene expression.
  • This approach aids in understanding the evolution and function of complex gene regulatory networks.