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Updated: Aug 15, 2025

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Characterization of the Sense of Agency over the Actions of Neural-machine Interface-operated Prostheses
Published on: January 7, 2019
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Measuring embodiment: A review of methods for prosthetic devices
Jacob L Segil1,2, Leah Marie Roldan3,4, Emily L Graczyk3,4
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States.
Frontiers in Neurorobotics
|January 2, 2023
Summary
Researchers reviewed methods for measuring embodiment in prosthetic limbs. Understanding ownership, body representation, and agency is key for developing better neuroprosthetics and understanding embodied cognition.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Biomedical Engineering
- Rehabilitation Science
Background:
- Advancements in neural interfaces for prosthetics enable exploration of embodiment.
- Neuroprosthetics research necessitates reliable measures of embodiment (ownership, body representation, agency).
- Standardized measures are crucial for generalizable experiments and technology comparison.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review and categorize existing outcome measures for evaluating embodiment in prosthetic limb users.
- To analyze the strengths and weaknesses of current embodiment assessment methods.
- To guide researchers and developers in selecting appropriate metrics for their studies.
Main Methods:
- Systematic literature review of outcome measures for prosthetic limb embodiment.
- Categorization of measures based on psychometric properties (e.g., reliability, validity) and type (behavioral, physiological).
- Critical analysis of the efficacy and limitations of identified measures.
Main Results:
- Identified and categorized various behavioral and physiological measures assessing ownership, body representation, and agency.
- Highlighted the psychometric properties, advantages, and disadvantages of each measure.
- Provided a framework for understanding and selecting embodiment metrics.
Conclusions:
- Effective measurement of embodiment is vital for advancing prosthetic limb technology.
- Selecting appropriate outcome measures enhances experimental rigor and facilitates technology development.
- Improved embodiment assessment contributes to a deeper understanding of human embodiment and agency.

