Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling01:26

Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling

200
During leveling, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction introduce deviations in the line of sight from a true horizontal reference. When the line of sight is leveled, it remains perpendicular to the plumb line only at a single point. Beyond this, it deviates due to the Earth’s curvature, represented by the correction C. For a sight distance D, the deviation can be derived using the relationship:This relationship shows that the deviation increases quadratically with distance.
200
Introduction and Methods of Leveling01:26

Introduction and Methods of Leveling

186
Leveling is a surveying procedure used to determine elevation differences between distant points. Elevation refers to the vertical distance above or below a reference datum, typically mean sea level (MSL). In the United States, elevations are often referenced to the mean sea level station at Father Point Rimouski along the St. Lawrence Seaway. To make the datum accessible, permanent markers are established throughout the region. These markers, called benchmarks, have known elevations. If the...
186
Design Example: Maintaining Level of an Embankment01:19

Design Example: Maintaining Level of an Embankment

104
Constructing a roadway embankment over uneven terrain requires precise leveling to ensure stability and proper drainage. Surveyors use a leveling instrument and staff to calculate ground elevations and determine the required fill material at each point along the embankment alignment.The process begins by positioning a leveling instrument near a benchmark with a known elevation. A backsight reading establishes the instrument height, which serves as a reference for subsequent measurements. A...
104
Differential Leveling01:12

Differential Leveling

241
Differential leveling is a precise method in surveying used to determine the elevation difference between two points. Its primary goal is to establish accurate vertical measurements to create level surfaces or grade lines critical for designing and constructing infrastructures such as roads, bridges, and buildings.The procedure for differential leveling begins with setting up and leveling the instrument at a point where the benchmark can be seen. The level rod is held on the benchmark (BM), and...
241
Common Leveling Mistakes and Errors01:17

Common Leveling Mistakes and Errors

109
A survey team is tasked with determining the elevation difference between points Point A and Point B, separated by uneven terrain. They use a leveling instrument and a leveling rod.Common MistakesMisreading the Rod: During a backsight reading at Point A, the instrumentman observes the rod partially obscured by tall grass. Instead of reading 1.135 m, they mistakenly record 1.735 m due to the misalignment of the crosshair with the wrong graduation. This error adds 0.600 m to all subsequent...
109
Design Example: Analyzing Capacity Contours for Flood Risk Assessment01:17

Design Example: Analyzing Capacity Contours for Flood Risk Assessment

89
Flood risk assessment involves careful planning and analysis to ensure the safety of communities near water retention structures. Capacity contours are a vital tool in this process, as they illustrate the potential spread of water at specific levels in a given area. In the context of building a bund across a small valley, these contours play a critical role in evaluating the safety of nearby residential areas.In this example, the bund is intended to store stormwater in the valley. The engineers...
89

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Fracture-driven weakening amplifies projected ice loss from West Antarctica.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Emergent decadal predictability in Antarctic contribution to sea-level rise.

Nature·2026
Same author

Subsidence more than doubles sea-level rise today along densely populated coasts.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

New high-resolution subglacial bed topography and coastal bathymetry of the Antarctic and Greenland Ice Sheets.

Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences·2026
Same author

Antarctic grounding zone and bedrock: the interplay shaping Antarctic sea-level contribution.

Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences·2026
Same author

Uncertain ground: impact of bed topography on Antarctic Ice Sheet projections.

Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 15, 2025

Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions
06:10

Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions

Published on: March 31, 2023

1.0K

A High-End Estimate of Sea Level Rise for Practitioners.

R S W van de Wal1,2, R J Nicholls3, D Behar4

  • 1Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht Utrecht University TA Utrecht The Netherlands.

Earth'S Future
|January 2, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Climate change causes long-term sea level rise (SLR). This study quantifies high-end SLR scenarios, estimating up to 1.6m by 2100 and 10.4m by 2300 under high emissions, crucial for coastal adaptation.

Keywords:
high‐end sea level rise

More Related Videos

Evolution of Staircase Structures in Diffusive Convection
07:28

Evolution of Staircase Structures in Diffusive Convection

Published on: September 5, 2018

6.6K
Development of New Methods for Quantifying Fish Density Using Underwater Stereo-video Tools
09:32

Development of New Methods for Quantifying Fish Density Using Underwater Stereo-video Tools

Published on: November 20, 2017

9.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 15, 2025

Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions
06:10

Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions

Published on: March 31, 2023

1.0K
Evolution of Staircase Structures in Diffusive Convection
07:28

Evolution of Staircase Structures in Diffusive Convection

Published on: September 5, 2018

6.6K
Development of New Methods for Quantifying Fish Density Using Underwater Stereo-video Tools
09:32

Development of New Methods for Quantifying Fish Density Using Underwater Stereo-video Tools

Published on: November 20, 2017

9.3K

Area of Science:

  • Climate Science
  • Oceanography
  • Glaciology

Background:

  • Sea level rise (SLR) is a persistent consequence of global warming, impacting deep oceans and ice sheets over centuries.
  • Current SLR projections, while useful for policy, have uncertainties, particularly for extreme high-end scenarios.
  • Practitioners need robust estimates of plausible high-end SLR for effective risk assessment and adaptation planning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify high-end global sea level rise (SLR) scenarios for practitioners.
  • To develop physically plausible high-end SLR estimates complementary to existing IPCC reports.
  • To assess SLR under different warming levels and emission scenarios at various timescales.

Main Methods:

  • A collaborative framework combining scientific evidence and practitioner input was used.
  • High-end SLR estimates were developed for different components of SLR.
  • Two climate scenarios (RCP2.6/SSP1-2.6 and RCP8.5/SSP5-8.5) were analyzed at two timescales (2100 and 2300).

Main Results:

  • Under a +2°C warming scenario (RCP2.6/SSP1-2.6), high-end global SLR is estimated at 0.9m by 2100 and 2.5m by 2300.
  • Under a high emissions scenario (RCP8.5/SSP5-8.5), high-end global SLR is estimated at 1.6m by 2100 and 10.4m by 2300.
  • The study highlights the critical role of Antarctic ice shelf collapse timing and associated uncertainties in high-end SLR.

Conclusions:

  • Even modest warming (2°C) can lead to multi-meter SLR on centennial timescales, posing significant risks to coastal regions.
  • Long-term mitigation efforts show substantial benefits in reducing projected SLR.
  • Both improved process understanding and emission scenario control are crucial for refining high-end SLR predictions.