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Related Concept Videos

Antihypertensive Drugs: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors01:30

Antihypertensive Drugs: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

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Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), a vital component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, is abundant in lung endothelial cells. ACE converts the inactive decapeptide, angiotensin I, into the active octapeptide, angiotensin II. This potent vasoconstrictor narrows blood vessels, increasing resistance to blood flow and elevating blood pressure. Angiotensin II also stimulates aldosterone production, encouraging kidney cells to reabsorb more sodium and water from urine, thereby increasing...
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Once the process of glomerular filtration is completed, blood carrying unfiltered drug molecules traverses through efferent arterioles and makes its way into the peritubular capillaries in the proximal tubule. A variety of carriers play a pivotal role in actively secreting drugs from these peritubular capillaries into the tubular fluid. The organic anion transporter transfers acidic drugs, against an electrochemical gradient, from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubule cells and...
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Filtration and Urine Formation01:32

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The function of the kidneys is to filter, reabsorb, secrete, and excrete. Every day the kidneys filter nearly 180 liters of blood, initially removing water and solutes but ultimately returning nearly all filtrates into circulation with the help of osmoregulatory hormones. This process removes wastes and toxins but is also crucial to maintain water and electrolyte levels. Most of these functions are performed by the tiny but numerous nephrons contained within the kidneys.
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Renal Drug Excretion: Glomerular Filtration01:02

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The kidney serves as the primary organ responsible for eliminating drugs and their metabolites from the body. This process, known as renal elimination, starts with glomerular filtration and results in urine formation. Each kidney houses millions of functional units called nephrons, where urine production occurs. A nephron has two main components: a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule.
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Drug Elimination by Renal Route: Glomerular Filtration01:17

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The kidney serves as the primary organ responsible for eliminating drugs and their metabolites from the body. This process, known as renal elimination, starts with glomerular filtration and results in urine formation. Each kidney houses millions of functional units called nephrons, where urine production takes place. A nephron has two main components: a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. Drugs gain access to the kidney via the renal artery, which progressively branches off into afferent...
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During the process of renal excretion, as the glomerular filtrate progresses to the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), drugs that are highly permeable, lipophilic, and nonionized undergo passive reabsorption from the tubular fluid into the surrounding peritubular capillaries. This reabsorption process restricts their elimination through the kidneys. However, the majority of drugs are either weak acids or weak bases, and their ionization level is dependent on pH. By altering the pH of urine, the...
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Updated: Aug 15, 2025

Highly Sensitive Measurement of Glomerular Permeability in Mice with Fluorescein Isothiocyanate-polysucrose 70
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Soluble ACE2 Is Filtered into the Urine.

Jonathan W Nelson1, David I Ortiz-Melo2, Natalie K Mattocks2

  • 1Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.

Kidney360
|January 2, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Soluble ACE2 (sACE2) in urine originates from both systemic and renal tissues. This finding highlights the kidney

Keywords:
ACE2basic sciencehypertensionkidneyrenin angiotensin systemsoluble ACE2

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Enzymology

Background:

  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) metabolizes angiotensin II, balancing the renin-angiotensin system (RAS).
  • ACE2 is abundant in the kidney and expressed in other tissues.
  • Previous studies linked ACE2 deficiency to hypertension susceptibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of kidney-specific ACE2 expression on hypertension development.
  • To differentiate the roles of renal versus extrarenal ACE2 in blood pressure regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Kidney cross-transplantation between ACE2-knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice.
  • Creation of four experimental groups with defined ACE2 expression patterns (WT→WT, KO→WT, WT→KO, KO→KO).
  • Nanoscale mass spectrometry-based proteomics to identify ACE2 fragments in glomerular filtrate.

Main Results:

  • Shed or soluble ACE2 (sACE2) was detected in the urine of mice lacking renal ACE2 (KidneyKO).
  • This indicates that extrarenal sACE2 can reach the kidney and be excreted.
  • ACE2 peptides were identified in the Bowman's space, confirming glomerular filtration.

Conclusions:

  • Both systemic and renal tissues contribute to urinary sACE2.
  • The kidney is a significant site for ACE2 activity.
  • Glomerular filtration of sACE2 may play a role in kidney diseases involving filtration barrier disruption.