The relation of essential hypertension to feelings of anxiety, depression and anger

Franz Alexander (1939) offered the hypothesis a number of years ago that hypertension can result from the inhibition of feelings of anger. Although a great deal of research has been done to test this hypothesis, the results remain equivocal. Part of the difficulty is that usually only anger was examined, making it impossible to determine the extent to which the results were specific to anger and not general for other negative emotions. A second prevalent problem has been the failure to match hypertensive and control groups on demographic variables that may be relevant to the relationship of hypertension to anger and its expression, such as education, economic level, and age. A third problem is that most studies have investigated only male hypertensives, thereby limiting the generality of the findings. The present study compares male and female hypertensives with carefully matched controls on measures of anxiety, depression, and anger and its suppression.