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Related Concept Videos

Compact Bone01:27

Compact Bone

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Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...
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Spongy Bone01:09

Spongy Bone

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All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...
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Bone Structure01:55

Bone Structure

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Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.
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Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

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Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into ...
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Gross Anatomy of Bone01:17

Gross Anatomy of Bone

5.8K
The two main features of a long bone are the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone made of numerous osteons — the functional unit of the compact bone. The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which harbors the bone marrow. In infants and children, this marrow cavity is filled with red marrow, whereas in...
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Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 15, 2025

A Sectioning, Coring, and Image Processing Guide for High-Throughput Cortical Bone Sample Procurement and Analysis for Synchrotron Micro-CT
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Spatial Variation in Young Ovine Cortical Bone Properties.

Sony Manandhar1, Hyunggwi Song1, Sara G Moshage1

  • 1Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801.

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering
|January 3, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Juvenile sheep bone shows regional differences in mechanical strength, with anterior regions being stronger than posterior regions. These variations in bone strength may relate to mineralization and collagen content, highlighting complex loading responses.

Keywords:
compressioncorticaldensitygrowthmechanical propertiestension

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanical Engineering
  • Orthopedic Research
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Cortical bone properties vary with loading conditions.
  • Understanding regional bone differences is crucial for predicting fracture risk and designing treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate spatial variations in structural and mechanical properties of juvenile sheep cortical bone.
  • To determine if anterior and posterior quadrants of the femur exhibit different characteristics under varying strain.

Main Methods:

  • Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scans analyzed cortical thickness and mineral density.
  • Three-point bending tests assessed flexural modulus, strength, and post-yield displacement.
  • Juvenile sheep femora from anterior and posterior quadrants were examined at three diaphyseal points.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in cortical thickness or density between anterior and posterior quadrants.
  • Bone mineral density was consistently higher in the middle diaphysis.
  • Anterior quadrants exhibited higher bending modulus and strength compared to posterior quadrants.

Conclusions:

  • Juvenile ovine cortical bone displays spatially differentiated mechanical responses, particularly in elastic bending modulus and strength.
  • These regional variations may stem from differences in mineralization and collagen-rich plexiform structures.
  • Further research is needed to correlate these findings with in vivo strain modes and bone growth.