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Adaptation to a limiting element involves mitigation of multiple elemental imbalances.

Punidan D Jeyasingh1,2, Ryan E Sherman2, Clay Prater2

  • 1Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Finland.

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|January 3, 2023
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Summary

Organisms adapt to changing environments by altering their elemental composition, known as the ionome. Evolution modifies elemental content and use efficiency, helping bacteria mitigate nutrient imbalances and survive.

Keywords:
Serratiaecological stoichiometryexperimental evolutionionomicsnutrient use efficiency

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Area of Science:

  • * Biogeochemistry and microbial ecology.
  • * Elemental biology and ionomics.
  • * Evolutionary adaptation and systems biology.

Background:

  • * Approximately 20 essential elements underpin biological processes and constrain biomass production.
  • * Organism-wide elemental composition (ionome) is sensitive to nutrient availability, yet evolutionary responses are poorly understood.
  • * Biogeochemical environments significantly influence microbial ionomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate the evolutionary tendencies of bacterial ionomes under nutrient-limited conditions.
  • * To determine how adaptation to distinct biogeochemical environments affects elemental content and use efficiency.
  • * To understand the functional basis of elemental variation in evolving bacterial populations.

Main Methods:

  • * Evolution of *Serratia marcescens* under five elemental limitations (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, manganese).
  • * Measurement of elemental concentrations and use efficiencies in ancestor and descendant populations.
  • * Analysis of elemental content variation across different biological functions (building, balance, catalysis).

Main Results:

  • * Both physiological and evolutionary responses involved changes in elemental content and use efficiency.
  • * Elemental content variation differed based on biological function: building elements (C, N, P, S) were least variable, followed by balance (Ca, K, Mg, Na), and catalysis (Fe, Mn).
  • * Descendants evolved to reduce elemental imbalances observed in the ancestor under limiting conditions.

Conclusions:

  • * Bacterial ionomes exhibit predictable evolutionary tendencies in response to elemental limitations.
  • * Adaptation involves coordinated changes in multiple elements, not just the limiting one.
  • * Understanding ionomic evolution is crucial for predicting biological responses to global geochemical changes.