Long non-coding RNAs: definitions, functions, challenges and recommendations

Area of Science:

• Genomics
• Molecular Biology
• Developmental Biology

Background:

• Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) constitute a significant portion of complex genomes.
• Their diverse functions, isoforms, and gene interactions complicate classification and annotation.
• lncRNAs are rapidly evolving, cell-type specific, and play roles in differentiation, development, and physiological processes.

Purpose of the Study:

• To establish a consensus on the definition, nomenclature, and characteristics of lncRNAs.
• To review the conservation, expression, structure, and functions of lncRNAs.
• To identify research challenges and provide recommendations for advancing lncRNA studies.

Main Methods:

• Literature review and synthesis of existing research on lncRNAs.
• Analysis of lncRNA properties including evolution, cell specificity, and genomic location.
• Discussion of lncRNA roles in chromatin modification, nuclear organization, and cytoplasmic functions.

Main Results:

• lncRNAs are involved in spatial gene expression control, chromatin modification, and nuclear condensate formation.
• They regulate translation, metabolism, and signaling pathways, often featuring modular structures and repeats.
• lncRNA expression is linked to cell differentiation, development, and various physiological processes.

Conclusions:

• A unified understanding of lncRNA definition and function is essential for advancing cell biology and disease research.
• Further research is needed to address the complexities of lncRNA annotation, evolution, and functional mechanisms.
• Recommendations are provided to guide future studies on the roles of lncRNAs in development, cell biology, and disease.