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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
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Determining biomolecular structures near room temperature using X-ray crystallography: concepts, methods and future

Robert E Thorne1

  • 1Physics Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.

Acta Crystallographica. Section D, Structural Biology
|January 5, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Room temperature crystallography offers new insights into biomolecular function, overcoming limitations of cryocrystallography. Streamlined synchrotron access and automated handling are key for its widespread adoption in structural biology.

Keywords:
conformational heterogeneitymulti-temperature crystallographyradiation damageroom-temperature crystallographyserial crystallography

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Area of Science:

  • Structural Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Cryocrystallography has dominated biomolecular structure determination for two decades.
  • Emerging techniques and interest in dynamic biomolecular processes challenge cryogenic methods.
  • Functional and time-resolved studies require data collection at non-cryogenic temperatures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the advantages and principles of crystallographic data collection at non-cryogenic temperatures.
  • To review methods for room-temperature data collection and analysis.
  • To highlight factors influencing the interpretation of non-cryogenic structural data.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on room-temperature crystallography.
  • Discussion of physical principles and practical methods for data collection.
  • Analysis of factors affecting data interpretation at non-cryogenic temperatures.

Main Results:

  • Non-cryogenic crystallography provides access to functionally relevant biomolecular information.
  • Data collection from ~200 K to ~350 K captures biologically relevant states.
  • Standardized sample delivery and automated data collection are crucial for broader implementation.

Conclusions:

  • Room-temperature crystallography is a valuable complement to cryocrystallography.
  • Overcoming logistical challenges will enable broader adoption of non-cryogenic methods.
  • This technique enhances the structural biology toolkit for studying dynamic biomolecular processes.