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Fundamental limits to depth imaging with single-photon detector array sensors.

Stirling Scholes1, Germán Mora-Martín2, Feng Zhu1

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This study introduces a numerical method to assess Single-Photon Avalanche Detector (SPAD) array performance for depth imaging. It simulates realistic depth images, establishing fundamental limits for autonomous systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Computer Vision
  • Robotics

Background:

  • Single-Photon Avalanche Detector (SPAD) arrays offer high sensitivity and temporal resolution for depth imaging.
  • These sensors are critical for autonomous systems, but their performance limits in various scenarios are not fully understood.
  • Accurate depth image quality assessment is essential for reliable autonomous navigation and situational awareness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish fundamental limits of depth resolution for SPAD array sensors under real-world conditions.
  • To develop a numerical procedure for generating realistic depth images from SPAD arrays.
  • To evaluate the performance of optical depth imaging systems without extensive field testing.

Main Methods:

  • A robust and simple numerical procedure was developed to simulate depth imaging with SPAD arrays.
  • The method establishes best-case depth resolution considering optical system parameters and acquisition time.
  • Realistic depth images were generated for diverse scenarios to validate the simulation.

Main Results:

  • The numerical procedure accurately simulates realistic depth images across various conditions.
  • Fundamental limits to depth imaging performance with SPAD arrays were established.
  • The method allows for performance evaluation without costly field tests.

Conclusions:

  • The developed numerical procedure provides a rapid and accurate way to assess SPAD array depth imaging capabilities.
  • This tool is valuable for optimizing optical systems for autonomous applications, object detection, and tracking.
  • The methodology can be extended to specialized imaging systems like underwater or around-the-corner imaging.