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Related Concept Videos

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
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Autophagy01:27

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 15, 2025

A Suppressor Screen for the Characterization of Genetic Links Regulating Chronological Lifespan in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Autophagy and longevity: Evolutionary hints from hyper-longevous mammals.

Andrea G Locatelli1, Simone Cenci1,2

  • 1Age Related Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Milano, Italy.

Frontiers in Endocrinology
|January 6, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autophagy, a cellular recycling process, is key to aging research. Studying its evolution in long-lived animals reveals insights into longevity and age-related diseases.

Keywords:
agingATGage-related diseasesautophagybatsevolutionlongevitymitochondria

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Autophagy is a fundamental cellular degradation and recycling process.
  • Its role in age-related decline makes it a major focus in aging research.
  • The evolutionary history and adaptations of autophagy remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the evolutionary adaptations and functions of autophagy.
  • To investigate the protective role of autophagy in aging and longevity.
  • To highlight the value of unconventional models in aging research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on autophagy.
  • Analysis of autophagy's role in model organisms, including unconventional ones.
  • Tracing the evolutionary trajectory of autophagy.

Main Results:

  • Autophagy has evolved diverse functions across eukaryotic lineages.
  • Unconventional models offer unique insights into autophagy and longevity.
  • Autophagy plays a protective role in the pathophysiology of aging.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding autophagy's evolution is crucial for aging research.
  • Autophagy's ancient pathway has adapted to promote longevity.
  • Further research in diverse models can unlock new anti-aging strategies.