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    Area of Science:

    • Cryptography
    • Image Processing
    • Information Security

    Background:

    • Double Random Phase Encoding (DRPE) is a cryptographic technique for secure image transmission.
    • DRPE is known to be vulnerable to Known-Plaintext Attacks (KPAs).
    • Previous studies showed KPAs are more effective with multiple known plaintext-ciphertext pairs.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the robustness of KPAs against DRPE under noisy and occluded conditions.
    • To evaluate the effectiveness of KPAs using multiple known image pairs when DRPE is compromised by noise or occlusion.

    Main Methods:

    • Analyzing KPA properties against DRPE with gradually increasing white Gaussian noise added to the Fourier amplitude or phase of ciphertext images.
    • Analyzing KPA properties against DRPE with gradual occlusion (zero-valued pixels) of the Fourier phase in known ciphertext images.

    Main Results:

    • KPAs using multiple known plaintext-ciphertext pairs were significantly impacted by noise added to the Fourier phase.
    • Occlusion of the Fourier phase also degraded the performance of KPAs.
    • The effectiveness of KPAs against DRPE is not always guaranteed, especially under these compromised conditions.

    Conclusions:

    • The robustness of KPAs against DRPE is limited when faced with noise or occlusion in the Fourier domain.
    • Using multiple known image pairs does not consistently strengthen KPAs against DRPE when the ciphertext is corrupted.
    • DRPE cryptanalysis using KPAs requires careful consideration of potential noise and occlusion vulnerabilities.