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Related Concept Videos

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

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Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into ...
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Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

Fractures: Bone Repair

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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the...
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Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

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Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
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Updated: Aug 15, 2025

A Rat Tibial Growth Plate Injury Model to Characterize Repair Mechanisms and Evaluate Growth Plate Regeneration Strategies
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What is New in Pediatric Orthopaedic: Basic Science.

Brian Lynch1, Daniel Botros1, Matthew Halanski2

  • 1Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY.

Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics
|January 6, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review highlights recent advancements in pediatric orthopaedic basic science, covering trauma, spine, hip, foot, and sports medicine. These findings offer potential for improved disease management and understanding in pediatric orthopaedics.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Orthopaedics
  • Musculoskeletal Basic Science

Background:

  • Understanding musculoskeletal basic science is crucial for advancing orthopaedic surgery.
  • Knowledge of biomechanics, genetics, and molecular pathways informs disease pathophysiology and novel treatments.
  • This review focuses on basic science relevant to pediatric orthopaedic surgery.

Approach:

  • A comprehensive literature search of PubMed was conducted for English language articles published between January 2016 and November 2021.
  • Search terms included "basic science," "pediatric orthopaedics," and specific conditions like "fracture," "scoliosis," and "hip dysplasia."
  • Basic science studies on pediatric orthopaedic conditions were included, excluding clinical studies and case reports, resulting in 49 reviewed articles.

Key Points:

  • The review synthesizes findings across key pediatric orthopaedic sub-disciplines: spine, trauma, sports medicine, hip, and foot.
  • Identified developments span biomechanics, genetics, and molecular pathways impacting pediatric musculoskeletal conditions.
  • The selected articles represent the latest findings in basic science research relevant to pediatric orthopaedics.

Conclusions:

  • Exciting developments in pediatric orthopaedic basic science have been identified.
  • These advancements hold potential to significantly alter disease management strategies.
  • The review provides a current overview of basic science research to enhance understanding and treatment in pediatric orthopaedics.