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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Consider an external electric field propagating through a homogeneous medium. When the electric field crosses the surface boundary of the medium, it undergoes a discontinuity. The electric field can be resolved into normal and tangential components. The amount by which the field changes at any boundary is given by the difference between the field components above and below the surface boundary.
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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models
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Domain Walls Seeding the Electroweak Phase Transition.

Simone Blasi1, Alberto Mariotti1

  • 1Theoretische Natuurkunde and IIHE/ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, and The International Solvay Institutes, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

Physical Review Letters
|January 6, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Topological defects like domain walls can accelerate cosmological phase transitions. This study shows seeded electroweak phase transitions are faster, impacting gravitational wave signals.

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Area of Science:

  • Cosmology
  • Particle Physics
  • Theoretical Physics

Background:

  • Topological defects, such as domain walls, can influence cosmological phase transitions.
  • The singlet-extended Standard Model with a Z2-symmetric potential allows for two-step phase transitions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate how domain walls affect the electroweak phase transition in a specific theoretical model.
  • Determine if domain walls can act as nucleation sites to catalyze the phase transition.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a Kaluza-Klein decomposition method.
  • Calculated the catalyzed phase transition rate on the domain wall surface.
  • Compared the seeded transition rate with the standard homogeneous rate.

Main Results:

  • Domain walls act as nucleation sites for the second step of a two-step phase transition.
  • The seeded phase transition is generically faster than the standard homogeneous transition.
  • The seeded transition dictates the completion of the phase transition.

Conclusions:

  • Domain walls significantly impact and accelerate the electroweak phase transition.
  • The findings have implications for understanding gravitational wave generation from early universe phase transitions.