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Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Development of Immunocompetence

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...

Teratogenicity

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...

Pneumonia IV: Management

Pneumonia IV: Management

The treatment of pneumonia varies based on its severity and the causative pathogen. Here is a structured approach to managing pneumonia, integrating pharmaceutical and supportive care strategies.
Bacterial Pneumonia Treatment
For bacterial pneumonia, antibiotics serve as the cornerstone of therapy. Initial treatment often begins with empirical antibiotics, tailored to the anticipated causative organism and adjusted based on culture results. Key antibiotic choices include:

Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets

Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets

Transmission-based precautions are for patients known to be infected or suspected to be infected or colonized with organisms that pose a significant risk to others. Some transmission-based precautions include contact, enteric, and droplet.
Contact Precautions:
Contact precautions are the measures taken to prevent the transmission of infectious agents, especially epidemiologically important microorganisms such as MRSA or influenza, primarily transmitted through direct or indirect contact with an...

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Updated: Aug 15, 2025

Intravenous Injections in Neonatal Mice

Intravenous Injections in Neonatal Mice

Published on: November 11, 2014

An update on vaccination in preterm infants.

Lilian Dos Santos Rodrigues Sadeck¹, Renato de Ávila Kfouri²

¹Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Centro Neonatal do Instituto da Criança e Adolescente do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Departamento Científico de Neonatologia, Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria (SBP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

Jornal De Pediatria

|January 7, 2023

Summary

Vaccines are safe and effective for preterm infants, eliciting protective immune responses. However, delays in infant immunization schedules are common, necessitating universal guidelines to protect this vulnerable population.

Keywords:

Immunization Newborns Preterm Vaccination

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Last Updated: Aug 15, 2025

Intravenous Injections in Neonatal Mice

Intravenous Injections in Neonatal Mice

Published on: November 11, 2014

Probiotic Studies in Neonatal Mice Using Gavage

Probiotic Studies in Neonatal Mice Using Gavage

Published on: January 27, 2019

Intracerebroventricular and Intravascular Injection of Viral Particles and Fluorescent Microbeads into the Neonatal Brain

Intracerebroventricular and Intravascular Injection of Viral Particles and Fluorescent Microbeads into the Neonatal Brain

Published on: July 24, 2016

Area of Science:

Neonatal immunology
Vaccinology
Pediatric infectious diseases

Background:

Preterm infants possess immunological immaturity, posing unique challenges for vaccination.
Despite recommendations, preterm infant immunization schedules often face unjustified delays.
Vaccination is crucial for preventing diseases in vulnerable preterm infants.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current literature on vaccine safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy in preterm newborns.
To identify factors contributing to delayed vaccination in preterm infants.
To advocate for improved vaccine coverage in this high-risk population.

Main Methods:

Comprehensive literature search of recent scientific publications.
Focus on studies addressing immunization of preterm infants.
Analysis of data on vaccine safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy.

Main Results:

Vaccination is generally well-tolerated in preterm infants.
Preterm infants demonstrate protective immune responses to vaccines.
Significant delays in vaccination schedules for preterm infants are frequently observed.

Conclusions:

Routine immunization of preterm infants is essential but often delayed.
Developing universal guidelines for preterm infant immunization is critical.
Addressing vaccination delays will reduce preventable disease risks in preterm infants.