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Related Concept Videos

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
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Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects01:21

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects

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Skeletal muscle relaxants are widely used for muscle paralysis and relieving pain following any muscle injury or stiffness. However, depending on the drug type, they can have adverse effects that range from mild to severe. Usually, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers have minimal side effects. For example, drugs like d-tubocurarine, cisatracurium, and rocuronium cause hypotension, whereas drugs like baclofen, when stopped abruptly, can lead to the recurrence of spastic conditions.
Unlike...
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Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents01:17

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

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Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...
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Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

479
While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
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General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

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Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
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Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

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Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
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Updated: Aug 15, 2025

Remote Limb Ischemic Preconditioning: A Neuroprotective Technique in Rodents
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Why ketamine.

Lisa Coles1, Eric S Rosenthal2, Thomas P Bleck3

  • 1Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.

Epilepsy & Behavior : E&B
|January 7, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ketamine shows promise as an add-on treatment for benzodiazepine-refractory status epilepticus. Animal studies indicate ketamine

Keywords:
Established status epilepticusNMDA receptorNeuroprotectionPharmacokinetics

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • Status epilepticus (SE) is a neurological emergency.
  • Benzodiazepine-refractory SE requires novel therapeutic approaches.
  • Existing treatments have limitations and significant side effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the rationale for investigating ketamine as an adjunctive therapy for benzodiazepine-refractory status epilepticus.
  • To explore ketamine's potential neuroprotective and anti-seizure mechanisms.
  • To propose a dosing strategy for ketamine in this clinical context.

Main Methods:

  • Review of animal studies on ketamine's efficacy in status epilepticus.
  • Analysis of ketamine's pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties.
  • Consideration of clinical reports on ketamine for refractory SE.

Main Results:

  • Animal models demonstrate ketamine terminates benzodiazepine-refractory SE.
  • Ketamine exhibits neuroprotective effects in preclinical studies.
  • Ketamine does not significantly suppress respiration during sedation/anesthesia.

Conclusions:

  • Ketamine warrants investigation as an add-on therapy for refractory SE.
  • Proposed intravenous dosing of 1-3 mg/Kg based on preclinical data.
  • Further clinical studies are needed to confirm efficacy and safety.