Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis01:24

Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis

381
Diagnosing acid-base imbalances involves systematically analyzing arterial blood samples, focusing on three key measurements: pH, bicarbonate (HCO3−) concentration, and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2). This analysis follows a four-step process that helps identify the imbalance's underlying cause and nature.
First, the pH level is assessed to determine whether the blood pH is normal (7.35–7.45), low (acidosis), or high (alkalosis).
Next, the PCO2  and...
381
Acid-Base Balance01:25

Acid-Base Balance

598
The human body maintains a narrow pH range regulated through acid-base balance. This balance is crucial as changes in the hydrogen ion concentration can disrupt cell membrane stability, alter protein structures, and change enzyme activities. The normal pH of arterial blood is 7.4, venous blood and interstitial fluid is 7.35, and intracellular fluid averages 7.0.
When the pH of arterial blood rises above 7.45, it results in a condition called alkalosis. Conversely, a drop below 7.35 leads to...
598
Roles of Electrolytes: Chloride and Bicarbonate01:29

Roles of Electrolytes: Chloride and Bicarbonate

304
Chloride ions contribute to the osmotic pressure gradient distinguishing the intracellular fluid (ICF) from the extracellular fluid (ECF). They counterbalance positively charged ions in the ECF and ensure its electrochemical stability. The renal system's process of chloride absorption and release generally mirrors that of sodium ions.
Conditions such as hypochloremia can arise from insufficient chloride reabsorption by the kidneys, often compounded by extended bouts of diarrhea, vomiting,...
304
Introduction to Electrolytes01:33

Introduction to Electrolytes

10.5K
In humans, electrolytes play a vital role in various physiological processes. Balancing electrolyte levels is essential for normal body functions; their imbalance can be life-threatening. The major electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonate. They are primarily involved in physiological processes, such as nerve signal transmission, membrane trafficking, muscle contraction, buffering body fluids, and balancing water levels in the body.
Role of Sodium
One...
10.5K
Acid–Base Titration: Overview01:26

Acid–Base Titration: Overview

10.7K
An acid-base titration is a technique used to determine the concentration of an unknown acid or base, using a titrant of known concentration–either a base for acid titration or an acid for base titration. The process involves gradually adding the titrant, leading to a predictable change in the pH of the solution. This change is plotted on a titration curve, showing how a solution's pH varies with the amount of titrant added. Such curves are instrumental in monitoring the...
10.7K
Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

570
Metabolic reactions in the body produce nonvolatile acids, such as sulfuric acid, which generate an acid load of approximately 1 mEq of H+ per kilogram of body weight daily. Excreting H+ in the urine is essential to balance this acid load.
In the kidneys, cells within the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) and the collecting ducts secrete hydrogen ions (H+) into the tubular fluid. Specifically, in the PCT, Na+/H+ antiporters secrete H+ while reabsorbing Na+.
However, the intercalated cells in...
570

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Effects of Prothrombin on Podocytopathy and Proteinuria in Glomerular Disease.

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN·2025
Same author

Roles of editors and reviewers in the modern world of actual intelligence and artificial intelligence.

European journal of applied physiology·2025
Same author

EJAP is a global applied physiology journal.

European journal of applied physiology·2025
Same author

PARticularly Forceful: PAR1 Drives Glomerular Mesangial Cell Contractility.

Function (Oxford, England)·2024
Same author

Resting membrane potential and intracellular [Na<sup>+</sup>] at rest, during fatigue and during recovery in rat soleus muscle fibres in situ.

The Journal of physiology·2024
Same author

Prothrombin Knockdown Protects Podocytes and Reduces Proteinuria in Glomerular Disease.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 15, 2025

Evaluation of Hydration Status by Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease Undergoing Exercise Stress Test
10:21

Evaluation of Hydration Status by Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease Undergoing Exercise Stress Test

Published on: September 22, 2023

686

Tracing Acid-Base Variables in Exercising Horses: Effects of Pre-Loading Oral Electrolytes.

Amanda P Waller1, Michael I Lindinger2

  • 1Center for Clinical & Translational Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.

Animals : an Open Access Journal From MDPI
|January 8, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Pre-exercise oral electrolyte supplementation, especially 8 L, helped maintain plasma acid-base balance in horses during exercise. This contrasts with water alone, which led to decreased plasma hydrogen ions and mild alkalosis.

Keywords:
electrolyte balanceelectrolyte supplementexercise performancefluid balancephysicochemical acid-baserecoverysupplementation

More Related Videos

Optocardiography and Electrophysiology Studies of Ex Vivo Langendorff-perfused Hearts
09:52

Optocardiography and Electrophysiology Studies of Ex Vivo Langendorff-perfused Hearts

Published on: November 7, 2019

13.1K
Postconditioning with Lactate-enriched Blood for Cardioprotection in ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
05:26

Postconditioning with Lactate-enriched Blood for Cardioprotection in ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Published on: May 28, 2019

9.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 15, 2025

Evaluation of Hydration Status by Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease Undergoing Exercise Stress Test
10:21

Evaluation of Hydration Status by Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease Undergoing Exercise Stress Test

Published on: September 22, 2023

686
Optocardiography and Electrophysiology Studies of Ex Vivo Langendorff-perfused Hearts
09:52

Optocardiography and Electrophysiology Studies of Ex Vivo Langendorff-perfused Hearts

Published on: November 7, 2019

13.1K
Postconditioning with Lactate-enriched Blood for Cardioprotection in ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
05:26

Postconditioning with Lactate-enriched Blood for Cardioprotection in ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Published on: May 28, 2019

9.3K

Area of Science:

  • Equine physiology
  • Exercise science
  • Acid-base balance

Background:

  • Oral electrolyte supplementation is used to mitigate sweat losses during exercise.
  • Electrolyte absorption can influence acid-base status.
  • The impact of varying volumes of electrolyte solutions on equine acid-base balance during exercise requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of pre-exercise oral electrolyte supplementation (3 L and 8 L) on plasma acid-base variables in horses at rest, during exercise, and recovery.
  • To determine if electrolyte supplementation can improve acid-base state compared to the alkalosis often observed during prolonged exercise.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized crossover study involving four horses.
  • Administration of 3 L or 8 L of a hypotonic electrolyte solution (PNW) or water alone (CON) one hour before exercise.
  • Exercise protocols included treadmill exercise to fatigue or 45 minutes at 50% peak VO2.
  • Blood samples were collected at 10-minute intervals for analysis of acid-base variables.

Main Results:

  • Supplementation with 3 L had minimal effects at low exercise intensities.
  • In 8 L trials, plasma hydrogen ion concentration ([H+]) decreased in the CON group but not the PNW group during exercise and early recovery.
  • Plasma total carbon dioxide ([TCO2]) decreased after PNW administration, reaching a nadir during early exercise.
  • Plasma partial pressure of carbon dioxide ([pCO2]) and strong ion difference ([SID]) were key factors influencing [H+] and [TCO2] changes, respectively.

Conclusions:

  • Pre-exercise oral electrolyte supplementation of 8 L helped maintain plasma [H+] during moderate-intensity exercise.
  • This volume of electrolyte solution decreased [TCO2] and mitigated the mild alkalosis observed during exercise.
  • Electrolyte supplementation, particularly at higher volumes, plays a significant role in maintaining acid-base homeostasis in exercising horses.