Long Non-Coding RNAs Associated with Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in Human Pancreatic Cancer

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as a significant player in various cancers, including pancreatic cancer. However, how lncRNAs are aberrantly expressed in cancers is largely unknown. We hypothesized that lncRNAs would be regulated by signaling pathways and contribute to malignant phenotypes of cancer. In this study, to understand the significance of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK), which is a major aberrant signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer, for the expression of lncRNAs, we performed comparative transcriptome analyses between pancreatic cancer cell lines with or without activation of MAPK. We identified 45 lncRNAs presumably associated with MAPK in pancreatic cancer cells; among these, LINC00941 was consistently upregulated by MAPK. The immediate genomic upstream region flanking LINC00941 was identified as a promoter region, the activity of which was found to be preferentially associated with MAPK activity via ETS-1 binding site. LINC00941 promoted cell proliferation in vitro. Moreover, TCGA data analysis indicated that high expression of LINC00941 was associated with poor prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer. Transcriptomes comparing transcriptions between cells with and without LINC00941 knockdown revealed 3229 differentially expressed genes involved in 44 biological processes, including the glycoprotein biosynthetic process, beta-catenin-TCF complex assembly, and histone modification. These results indicate that MAPK mediates the aberrant expression of lncRNAs. LINC00941 is the lncRNA by MAPK most consistently promoted, and is implicated in the dismal prognosis of pancreatic cancer. MAPK-associated lncRNAs may play pivotal roles in malignant phenotypes of pancreatic cancer, and as such might represent both potentially valid therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers.