Effects of Ascorbic Acid on Physiological Characteristics during Somatic Embryogenesis of Fraxinus mandshurica

Fraxinus mandshurica is one of the precious tree species in northeast China and has important economic and ecological value. Ascorbic acid (ASA) is a strong antioxidant that can significantly improve plant photosynthetic efficiency and stress resistance and participate widely in plant growth and development. In this study, we investigated the development process of mature zygotic embryos of F. mandshurica under different concentrations of ASA and found that 100 mg·L^-1 exogenous ASA was the optimal concentration and that the induction rate of somatic embryos (SEs) was the highest at 72.89%, which was 7.13 times higher than that of the control group. The polyphenol content, peroxidase (POD) activity, nitric oxide (NO) content, nitrate reductase (NR) activity, total ascorbic acid (T-ASA) content, ASA content, ASA/Dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) ratio, GSH/GSSG ratio, and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity were significantly increased under the application of exogenous ASA in explants, whereas the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and catalase (CAT) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity were decreased. At the same time, the content of T-ASA and ASA, T-GSH and GSSG, and PAL and SOD had the same change pattern in the control group and the treatment group. These results suggested that high or low concentrations of ASA could not promote the somatic embryogenesis of F. mandshurica and that exogenous ASA had significant effects on the physiology of F. mandshurica explants. ASA was also highly related to somatic embryogenesis and the explant browning of F. mandshurica. Our results could provide a reference for further study on the browning mechanism of F. mandshurica explants and lay the foundation for optimizing the condition of somatic embryogenesis in F. mandshurica.