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The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...
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Two structural features of the DNA molecule provide a basis for the mechanisms of heredity: the four nucleotide bases and its double-stranded nature. The Watson-Crick model of double-helical DNA structure, proposed in 1952, drew heavily upon the X-ray crystallography work of researchers Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins. Watson, Crick, and Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work in 1962. Franklin was, controversially, excluded from the prize for...
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Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are present in both eukaryotes and bacteria. Though eukaryotes have 20 different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to couple to 20 amino acids, many bacteria do not have genes for all of these aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Despite this, they still use all 20 amino acids to synthesize their proteins. For instance, some bacteria do not have the gene encoding the enzyme that couples glutamine with its partner tRNA. In these organisms, one enzyme adds glutamic acid to all of the...
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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Genetic Code Expansion: Another Solution to Codon Assignments.

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This Special Issue highlights advances in genetic code expansion, focusing on the site-specific incorporation of noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) into proteins for novel applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Synthetic Biology

Background:

  • Genetic code expansion enables the site-specific incorporation of noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) into proteins.
  • This technology expands the functional repertoire of proteins beyond the 20 standard amino acids.

Discussion:

  • Recent advancements in genetic code expansion are presented.
  • Focus on methodologies for site-specific incorporation of ncAAs.
  • Applications of ncAAs in protein engineering and biotechnology are explored.

Key Insights:

  • Novel ncAAs and improved incorporation strategies are detailed.
  • Enhanced protein functionality and novel biomaterials are demonstrated.
  • The potential of ncAAs in therapeutic development is highlighted.

Outlook:

  • Future directions in genetic code expansion research.
  • Expanding the scope of ncAAs and their applications.
  • Overcoming challenges in large-scale production and in vivo implementation.