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Vapor Pressure02:34

Vapor Pressure

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When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules move randomly about, they will occasionally collide with the surface of the condensed phase, and in some cases, these collisions will result in the molecules re-entering the condensed phase. The change from the gas phase to the liquid is called condensation. When the rate of condensation becomes equal to the rate of vaporization, neither the amount of the liquid nor the amount of the vapor...
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Vapor Pressure of Fluid01:28

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The vapor pressure of a fluid is a crucial concept in fluid mechanics, influencing phenomena such as boiling and cavitation. Vapor pressure refers to the pressure exerted by a vapor at a state of thermodynamic equilibrium with its corresponding liquid phase at a specific temperature. It represents the tendency of molecules to escape from the fluid surface into the vapor phase.
When a liquid is placed in a closed container with a small air space, and the space is evacuated, vapor molecules will...
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Clausius-Clapeyron Equation02:35

Clausius-Clapeyron Equation

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The equilibrium between a liquid and its vapor depends on the temperature of the system; a rise in temperature causes a corresponding rise in the vapor pressure of its liquid. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation gives the quantitative relation between a substance’s vapor pressure (P) and its temperature (T); it predicts the rate at which vapor pressure increases per unit increase in temperature.
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Vaporization01:18

Vaporization

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The physical form of a substance changes by changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. For vaporization to occur, kinetic energy must be greater than the intermolecular forces that keep molecules bonded. The amount of energy needed to vaporize a quantity of liquid at a given pressure and a constant temperature is called the heat of vaporization. When...
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Vapor Pressure Lowering03:28

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The equilibrium vapor pressure of a liquid is the pressure exerted by its gaseous phase when vaporization and condensation are occurring at equal rates:
 
Dissolving a nonvolatile substance in volatile liquid results in a lowering of the liquid’s vapor pressure. This phenomenon can be explained by considering the effect of added solute molecules on the liquid's vaporization and condensation processes. To vaporize, solvent molecules must be present at the surface of the solution....
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pV-Diagrams01:18

pV-Diagrams

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The pV diagram, which is a graph of pressure versus volume of the gas under study, is helpful in describing certain aspects of the substance. When the substance behaves like an ideal gas, the ideal gas equation describes the relationship between its pressure and volume. On a pV diagram, it is common to plot an isotherm, which is a curve showing p as a function of V with the number of molecules and the temperature fixed. Then, for an ideal gas, the product of the pressure of the gas and its...
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High-pressure Sapphire Cell for Phase Equilibria Measurements of CO2/Organic/Water Systems
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Vapor Pressure versus Temperature Relations of Common Elements.

B Mondal1, T Mukherjee1, N W Finch1

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 8, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study provides reliable vapor pressure data for 50 elements across an extended temperature range. Recommended relations enhance accuracy for scientific and industrial applications.

Keywords:
differential evolutionelevated temperatureevaporationoptimizationvapor pressure

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Thermodynamics

Background:

  • Literature data for elemental vapor pressure is limited in temperature range and reliability.
  • Accurate vapor pressure data is crucial for various scientific and engineering applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the reliability and uncertainty of existing vapor pressure data for 50 common elements.
  • To recommend accurate vapor pressure versus temperature relations over an extended range.
  • To provide a reliable data source for elemental vapor pressure.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized literature data with Clausius Clapeyron relation calculations.
  • Extended vapor pressure range from 10⁻⁸ atm to 10 atm.
  • Employed a genetic algorithm for optimizing data fitting.

Main Results:

  • Developed and recommended new vapor pressure versus temperature relations for 50 elements.
  • Extended the usable vapor pressure data range significantly.
  • Validated recommended values against existing literature data.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully established reliable vapor pressure-temperature relations for common elements.
  • The recommended relations offer improved accuracy and a wider applicability range.
  • This work provides a valuable resource for researchers and engineers needing elemental vapor pressure data.