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Ring-Modified Histidine-Containing Cationic Short Peptides Exhibit Anticryptococcal Activity by Cellular Disruption.

Komal Sharma1, Shams Aaghaz1, Indresh Kumar Maurya2

  • 1Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar 160 062, Punjab, India.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 8, 2023
PubMed
Summary

New antifungal peptides show potent activity against Cryptococcus neoformans by disrupting cell membranes. These novel compounds, when combined with amphotericin B, exhibit synergistic effects, offering a promising avenue for treating resistant fungal infections.

Keywords:
anticryptococcal activityantifungal agentscell lysisiodinated histidinesiodopeptidesmembrane active peptidespore formation

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Area of Science:

  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Antimicrobial Drug Discovery
  • Mycology

Background:

  • Rising multidrug resistance in fungal infections like cryptococcal meningitis necessitates novel antifungal agents.
  • Existing antifungals face challenges due to resistance and toxicity.
  • Development of new antifungal classes is critical for public health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and evaluate novel histidine-containing cationic peptides for anticryptococcal activity.
  • To investigate the mechanism of action of these peptides against *C. neoformans*.
  • To assess the synergistic potential of these peptides with existing antifungal drugs.

Main Methods:

  • Chemical synthesis of ring-modified histidine-tryptophan dipeptides.
  • In vitro antifungal activity testing (MIC, IC50) against *C. neoformans*.
  • Synergism studies with amphotericin B.
  • Electron microscopy (SEM, TEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) for mechanism of action analysis.

Main Results:

  • Two peptides, Trp-His[1-(3,5-di-tert-butylbenzyl)-5-iodo]-OMe (10d) and Trp-His[1-(2-iodophenyl)-5-iodo)]-OMe (10o), demonstrated significant in vitro anticryptococcal activity (IC50 values of 2.20 and 2.52 μg/mL, respectively).
  • A notable synergistic effect was observed when these peptides were combined with amphotericin B, enhancing potency by 4- to 16-fold.
  • Mechanism of action involves membrane disruption, pore formation, cell lysis, and interaction with intracellular components.

Conclusions:

  • Novel ring-modified histidine-containing peptides exhibit potent antifungal activity against *C. neoformans*.
  • These peptides act by disrupting fungal cell membranes and causing lysis.
  • The observed synergism with amphotericin B highlights their potential as adjunct therapy for invasive fungal infections.