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Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

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Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Functionalization of Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes with Thermo-reversible Block Copolymers and Characterization by Small-angle Neutron Scattering
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Functionalization of Conductive Polymers through Covalent Postmodification.

Silvestre Bongiovanni Abel1, Evelina Frontera2, Diego Acevedo3

  • 1Research Institute for Materials Science and Technology (INTEMA), National University of Mar del Plata (UNMdP)-National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina.

Polymers
|January 8, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Functionalizing conducting polymers (CPs) like polyaniline, polypyrrole, and polythiophene enhances their properties. Researchers explore direct reactions and substitutions on preformed polymer chains and monomers for improved performance.

Keywords:
conducting polymerscovalent modificationselectrophilic reactionnucleophilic substitutionsolubility

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Polymer Science

Background:

  • Conducting polymers (CPs) are versatile materials with tunable electronic properties.
  • Functionalization of CPs is crucial for tailoring their characteristics for specific applications.
  • Existing research extensively covers polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy), and polythiophene (PT).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and describe methods for functionalizing preformed conducting polymers.
  • To discuss the two primary approaches: direct reactions on polymer chains and reactions with substituted CPs.
  • To highlight the property improvements achieved through CP functionalization.

Main Methods:

  • Direct functionalization via electrophilic aromatic substitution (SEAr) on reduced CPs.
  • Direct functionalization via nucleophilic substitution (SN) on PANI and PPy.
  • Direct functionalization via nucleophilic conjugate addition on oxidized CPs (PANI, PPy, PT).
  • Indirect functionalization by using monomers with pre-attached reactive groups (e.g., for PT, poly(fluorene)).

Main Results:

  • Electrophilic substitution occurs on the reduced forms of PANI and PPy.
  • N-H groups in PANI and PPy are susceptible to electrophilic substitution.
  • Nucleophilic conjugate addition is applicable to the oxidized forms of PANI, PPy, and PT.
  • Indirect methods involving functionalized monomers are prevalent for PT and other CPs like poly(fluorene).

Conclusions:

  • Diverse organic chemical reactions enable the functionalization of conducting polymers.
  • Both direct modification of polymer chains and indirect methods using functionalized monomers are effective.
  • Functionalization significantly enhances the target properties of various conducting polymers.