IgE-mediated Anisakis allergy in children

Area of Science:

• Medical Parasitology
• Clinical Allergy
• Nematology

Background:

• Anisakids, particularly Anisakis simplex (AS) complex, cause various human diseases.
• Anisakiasis results from ingesting raw or undercooked seafood contaminated with Anisakis larvae.
• Disease manifestations include direct larval effects and allergic reactions, influenced by nematode antigens and host factors.

Purpose of the Study:

• To synthesize current knowledge on Anisakis simplex and anisakiasis.
• To focus on epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment.
• To specifically address Anisakis allergens, cross-reactivity, diagnostic methods, and a diagnostic pathway for Anisakis allergy, with emphasis on pediatric cases.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of Anisakis simplex and anisakiasis.
• Analysis of epidemiological data.
• Examination of pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical presentations.
• Evaluation of diagnostic approaches and treatment strategies.
• Specific focus on pediatric Anisakis allergy.

Main Results:

• Anisakis simplex is a significant foodborne parasite.
• Allergic reactions to Anisakis are mediated by specific allergens.
• Diagnostic challenges exist, particularly in identifying cross-reactivity and establishing a clear diagnostic pathway.
• Limited data exists for the pediatric population.

Conclusions:

• Anisakiasis presents diverse clinical patterns, including allergic manifestations.
• Understanding Anisakis allergens and their cross-reactivity is crucial for accurate diagnosis.
• A defined diagnostic pathway is needed for Anisakis allergy.
• Further research is warranted for the pediatric population affected by Anisakis.