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Updated: Aug 14, 2025

Whole-animal Imaging and Flow Cytometric Techniques for Analysis of Antigen-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses after Nanoparticle Vaccination

Whole-animal Imaging and Flow Cytometric Techniques for Analysis of Antigen-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses after Nanoparticle Vaccination

Published on: April 29, 2015

Actin depolymerizing factor-based nanomaterials: A novel strategy to enhance E. mitis-specific immunity.

ZhengQing Yu^1,2, LiXin Xu², Ke He²

¹School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.

Frontiers in Immunology

|January 9, 2023

Summary

Nanoparticle vaccines carrying recombinant Eimeria mitis actin depolymerizing factor (rEmADF) show promise for controlling avian coccidiosis. PLGA nanospheres were particularly effective in improving chicken weight and reducing parasite replication, offering a new strategy against E. mitis infections.

Keywords:

Eimeria mitis actin depolymerizing factor immune protection nanomaterial nanosphere

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Fabrication of Anisotropic Polymeric Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for CD8+ T Cell Activation

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Fabrication of Anisotropic Polymeric Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for CD8+ T Cell Activation

Fabrication of Anisotropic Polymeric Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for CD8+ T Cell Activation

Published on: October 12, 2018

Area of Science:

Veterinary immunology
Parasitology
Nanotechnology in animal health

Background:

Avian coccidiosis, caused by Eimeria species, poses significant threats to poultry welfare and industry economics.
Eimeria mitis (E. mitis) infection impairs chicken production, with limited effective vaccines available.
Nanovaccines offer a potential delivery system for antigens against E. mitis.

Purpose of the Study:

To construct and characterize nanospheres carrying recombinant E. mitis actin depolymerizing factor (rEmADF).
To evaluate the safety and protective efficacy of rEmADF-loaded nanovaccines in chickens against E. mitis infection.
To compare the efficacy of chitosan (CS) and PLGA nanospheres as delivery systems for rEmADF.

Main Methods:

Construction and characterization of two types of nanospheres loaded with rEmADF.
In vivo safety and efficacy evaluation in chickens challenged with E. mitis.
Immune response assessment using ELISA and flow cytometry (antibody, cytokine, CD4+, CD8+ T cells).
Quantification of E. mitis replication in feces using absolute quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR).

Main Results:

Both EmADF-CS and EmADF-PLGA nanospheres were safe and elicited immune responses, including increased antibodies, cytokines, and T cell percentages.
Vaccination with rEmADF-entrapped nanospheres significantly reduced E. mitis replication in chicken feces.
EmADF-PLGA nanospheres demonstrated superior efficacy in improving animal weight gain compared to EmADF-CS nanospheres, while both controlled parasite burden effectively.

Conclusions:

Nanomaterials serve as effective antigen delivery systems for rEmADF, enhancing immunoprotection against E. mitis.
Both PLGA and CS nanospheres loaded with rEmADF represent promising nanovaccines for controlling avian coccidiosis.
EmADF-PLGA nanospheres show particular potential due to enhanced animal weight efficiency and parasite control.