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Responses to Heat and Cold Stress02:45

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Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.
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If the temperature of an object is changed while it is prevented from expanding or contracting, the object is subjected to stress. The stress is compressive if the object expands in the absence of constraint and tensile if it contracts. This stress resulting from temperature change is known as thermal stress. It can be quite large and can cause damage. To avoid this stress, engineers may design components so they can expand and contract freely. For instance, on highways, gaps are deliberately...
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Bacteria have global regulatory systems that control several types of stress mechanisms. These include Pho regulon and the heat shock response, which are essential systems for environmental adaptation, such as nutrient limitation and proteotoxic stress. The Pho regulon and the heat shock response exemplify bacterial resilience, enabling rapid adaptation to fluctuating environmental conditions.Pho RegulonBacteria require phosphorus for essential cellular processes, including nucleic acid...
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A body temperature above  38°C  (100.4 °F) is known as fever or pyrexia, and a person with fever is termed 'febrile.' Typically, the hypothalamus, a part of the brain that acts as the body's thermostat, regulates body temperature through a thermoregulatory setpoint. It receives signals from cold and warm thermal receptors throughout the body and adjusts the body's temperature accordingly. Fever occurs when this hypothalamic setpoint is altered, usually in...
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Crenarchaeota, a prominent phylum of Archaea, is remarkable for its ability to thrive in extreme environments characterized by high temperatures and acidity. These microorganisms inhabit sulfuric hot springs, volcanic systems, and submarine hydrothermal vents, where temperatures often exceed 100°C. The unique adaptations of Crenarchaeota not only allow survival under such extreme conditions but also provide insights into the mechanisms of life in primordial Earth-like...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 14, 2025

Standardized Methods for Measuring Induction of the Heat Shock Response in Caenorhabditis elegans
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Heat stress increases immune cell function in Hexacorallia.

Shir Eliachar1, Grace Ann Snyder2, Shany Klara Barkan1

  • 1The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.

Frontiers in Immunology
|January 9, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Coral immune cells activate during heat stress, independent of bleaching. This fundamental immune response is crucial for understanding coral health and climate change impacts.

Keywords:
Hexacoralliacomparative immunologyheat stressinnate immunityphagocytosis

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Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Immunology
  • Climate Change Research

Background:

  • Coral bleaching is increasing globally due to climate change-induced heat stress.
  • Immune gene regulation is a key response to heat stress, but cellular mechanisms remain unclear.
  • It is unknown if heat stress-induced immune responses are a cause or consequence of coral bleaching.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cellular immune mechanisms underlying coral bleaching.
  • To determine if heat stress directly impacts immune cell activity or if it's a consequence of bleaching.
  • To differentiate the role of algal symbionts in heat stress-induced immune responses.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized two sea anemone models: Exaiptasia diaphana (with symbionts) and Nematostella vectensis (without symbionts).
  • Assessed phagocytic activity as a measure of immune function under elevated temperatures.
  • Measured cellular production of reactive oxygen species and pinocytosis rates.

Main Results:

  • Immune cell phagocytic activity significantly increased with rising temperatures.
  • Small molecule pinocytosis remained unaffected by increased temperature.
  • Elevated temperatures led to increased cellular reactive oxygen species production.
  • Cellular immune activity was independent of the presence of Symbiodiniaceae.

Conclusions:

  • The observed immune activity during heat stress is a fundamental cellular response, not solely a consequence of bleaching.
  • This immune activation is independent of algal symbiont presence, suggesting a basic cellular defense mechanism.
  • Findings provide a foundation for understanding hexacorallian immune cell biology and its role in coral bleaching.