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Secondary Distribution

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Secondary distribution systems provide electrical energy at the utilization voltage levels from distribution transformers to customer meters. Typical secondary voltages in the United States include 120/240 V for residential use, 208Y/120 V for residential and commercial use, and 480Y/277 V for industrial and high-rise commercial use.
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Power System Distribution

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Power system distribution involves delivering electrical energy from power plants to consumers through a network of transmission and distribution systems. The process begins at power plants, where energy from coal, gas, nuclear, water, and wind is converted into electrical energy. These plants use three-phase generators, typically rated between 50 to 1300 MVA, with terminal voltages ranging from a few kV to 20 kV, depending on the size and age of the units.
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Related Experiment Video

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Experimental Investigation of the Hierarchical Control in DC Microgrids Using a Real-time Simulator

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A Hybrid Wired/Wireless Deterministic Network for Smart Grid.

Bin Hu¹, Hamid Gharavi¹

¹National Institute of Standards and Technology.

IEEE Wireless Communications

|January 9, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A new hybrid network combines Time Triggered Ethernet (TTE) and 5G Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC) for precise time synchronization. This approach meets critical demands for low latency and jitter in applications like smart grids.

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Area of Science:

Networking
Communication Systems
Time Synchronization

Background:

Time-critical applications require high reliability, low latency, and bounded jitter.
Existing wired solutions like Time Triggered Ethernet (TTE) are costly and limit scalability.
Demand is increasing for robust time synchronization in smart grids, robotics, and autonomous systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose a hybrid wired/wireless network for high-precision time synchronization.
To address the scalability limitations of purely wired solutions.
To meet the stringent timing requirements of modern time-critical applications.

Main Methods:

A hybrid architecture combining high-speed TTE as the backbone and Precision Time Protocol (PTP) aided 5G Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC) as the wireless sub-network.
Focus on achieving interoperability between TTE and PTP-aided 5G-URLLC.
Simulation-based analysis to evaluate network performance.

Main Results:

The proposed hybrid network effectively integrates TTE and 5G-URLLC for synchronized communication.
Simulation results confirm the maintenance of network reliability, low latency, and jitter.
Demonstrated successful coordination between the wired TTE backbone and the wireless 5G-URLLC sub-network.

Conclusions:

The hybrid TTE and 5G-URLLC network offers a scalable and cost-effective solution for high-precision time synchronization.
This architecture successfully addresses the challenges of interoperability and timing precision.
The findings support the use of this hybrid approach for demanding applications like smart grid synchrophasor communications.