Understanding the distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in an urban community using wastewater-based...

The study aimed to evaluate the community-wide antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile of an urban setting using the culture-independent wastewater-based epidemiological surveillance (WBE) approach. The domestic wastewater sample was collected at the converging point of the drain connecting the Sewage Treatment Plant (STP). The collected water sample was evaluated for the presence of 125 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and 13 mobile genetic elements (MGEs, 5 integrons and 8 transposons). Antibiotic residues and the composition of bacterial communities were also examined. Community's sewage showed a diverse resistance pattern, with the positive detection of targeted ARGs, notably aph, aadA1, and strB being particularly abundant. Resistance to aminoglycoside and trimethoprim classes was prevalent, followed by chloramphenicol, sulfonamide, and β-lactams. According to the microbial diversity assessment, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Chloroflexi were abundant phyla observed, while Helicobacteraceae, Pseudomonadaceae, and Moraxellaceae were prevalent families. The study provided comprehensive baseline information of ARGs on a community scale and will be of use for ARG prevention and management.