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Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the...
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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Overview of Cell Signaling01:23

Overview of Cell Signaling

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Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate with the environment.
Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. For example, skin cells respond to and transmit touch...
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What is Cell Signaling?02:03

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Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate to respond to the environment.
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Updated: Aug 14, 2025

Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death
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Ghost messages: cell death signals spread.

Mingming Zhang1,2, Yuan Lin3, Ruijing Chen1,2

  • 1Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.

Cell Communication and Signaling : CCS
|January 9, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Dying cells release molecules that act as signals, influencing physiological and pathological processes. Understanding these cell death signals offers potential for new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Keywords:
Cell deathExtracellular vesicleGhost messageIntercellular communicationSoluble factor

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Signaling
  • Physiology and Pathology

Background:

  • Cell death, regardless of type, involves the release of signaling molecules.
  • Recent research highlights the communicative role of these released molecules.
  • These signals can influence recipient cells and modulate biological events.

Discussion:

  • This review consolidates knowledge on the types of messages released by dying cells.
  • It examines the impact of these signals on target tissues and cells.
  • The regulatory roles of these intercellular communications in health and disease are explored.

Key Insights:

  • Dying cells actively communicate with their environment through released molecules.
  • These molecular signals play critical roles in both normal physiological functions and disease states.
  • The study of these signals opens avenues for novel therapeutic interventions.

Outlook:

  • Identifies key unanswered questions in the field of cell death signaling.
  • Proposes new hypotheses for future research directions.
  • Suggests potential applications in the development of diagnostic and therapeutic agents.