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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 14, 2025

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Memory Versus Expectation: Processing Relative Clauses in a Flexible Word Order Language.

Eszter Ronai1, Ming Xiang2

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Summary

This study on language processing found that longer distances between verbs and their arguments in Hungarian relative clauses (RCs) increase processing difficulty. This supports memory limitations, not violated expectations, as the primary cause of comprehension challenges.

Keywords:
Language processingMemory modelsPredictive processingRelative clausesSyntactic parsing

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Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Cognitive Science
  • Computational Linguistics

Background:

  • Incremental natural language processing is influenced by memory limitations and probabilistic expectations.
  • Relative clauses (RCs) are crucial for testing theories of language comprehension.
  • Hungarian's flexible word order allows investigation of processing costs in RCs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the online comprehension of Hungarian subject- and object-extracted RCs (SRCs and ORCs).
  • To differentiate the processing costs associated with memory demand versus violated expectations in RC comprehension.
  • To test the role of memory limitations in language processing using syntactic variations.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted three self-paced reading experiments.
  • Analyzed Hungarian SRCs and ORCs with varying word orders.
  • Measured processing costs at the relative clause verb.

Main Results:

  • A significant processing cost was observed at the RC verb for structures with longer verb-argument distances.
  • This cost occurred even in more frequent structures, challenging expectation-based accounts.
  • Findings indicate that memory load, not expectation violation, drives processing difficulty.

Conclusions:

  • Memory limitations are a more significant factor in explaining processing difficulties in RCs than violated expectations.
  • The study provides evidence for memory-based theories of incremental language processing.
  • Syntactic variations in Hungarian offer a unique window into the mechanisms of language comprehension.