Nanoscale Friction across the First-Order Charge Density Wave Phase Transition of 1T-TaS₂

Nanotribology using atomic force microscopy (AFM) can be considered as a unique approach to analyze phase transition materials by localized mechanical interaction. In this work, we investigate friction on the lamellar transition metal dichalcogenide 1T-TaS₂, which can undergo first-order charge density wave (CDW) phase transitions. Based on temperature-dependent atomic force microscopy under ultrahigh vacuum conditions (UHV), we can characterize the general friction levels across the first-order phase transitions and for the different phases. While structural and electronic properties for different phases appear to be of minor influence on friction, a distinct peak in friction is observed during the phase transition when cooling the sample from the nearly commensurate CDW (NC-CDW) phase to the commensurate CDW (C-CDW) phase. By performing systematic measurements as a function of load, scan velocity, and scan time, a recently proposed friction mechanism can be corroborated, where the AFM tip gradually induces local transformations of the material close to the spinodal point in a thermally activated and shear-assisted process until the surface is fully "harvested". Our results demonstrate that repeated nanomechanical stress can trigger local first-order phase transitions constituting a so far little explored mechanical energy dissipation channel.