[Modern imaging of the pulmonary hilum : Anatomy, pathologies, pitfalls]

Modern medical imaging is a key component of efficient in- and out-patient precision medicine. Conventional radiography and computer tomography scans (CT) are among the most frequent radiologic exams. Medical imaging plays a key role in target-oriented medicine.

The purpose of this article is to review the anatomy of the hilum of the lung and its most frequent associated pathologies since it is an important gateway of elementary structures of the thorax. Important signs and patterns for image interpretation in different modalities are also reviewed.

Thorough knowledge of anatomy, signs, and patterns of pathologies especially in conventional radiography and pitfalls of the more sensitive cross-sectional imaging is essential to support target-oriented patient care.

Conventional radiography is affordable and readily available. It is very suitable for pathology screening, i.e., at the hilum of the lung. Cross-sectional imaging specifies diagnostics due to superior anatomic discrimination.